Skin lightening is a common practice in several Middle Eastern countries, particularly among women.[3] The use of skin lightening products among Middle Eastern women has been attributed to the perceived association between light skin and beauty,[2] as well as marriage and employment opportunities.[1] Furthermore, the portrayal of light skin as the beauty ideal in popular media has contributed to the use of skin lightening products among Middle Eastern women.[4]
History
editPalestinian scholar Sonia Nimr has stated that the preference for lighter skin can be found in old Arabic and pre-Islamic poetry, stating:[4]
For centuries there’s been an image that if you’re pale or whiter, it means you’re a lady. You don’t have to go out of the tent to do hard work.
By country
editJordan
editIn a 2010 study conducted among 318 Jordanian women at selected pharmacy stores, 60.7% of the women reported using skin lightening products at some point in their lives.[1]
Palestine
editIn 2009, a correspondent from The Christian Science Monitor investigated the use of skin lightening products among women in the city of Ramallah, by interviewing users of skin lightening products, as well as businesses which sold these products.[4]
When interviewed, an employee at a beauty salon expressed the following sentiment:[4]
Palestinians believe that white skin is beautiful. In the West, they sunbathe to get darker skin, but here, people like to lighten their skin and they hide from the sun at all costs.
A 2023 study found that Palestinian women from urban areas and those with a bachelor's degree were more likely to use skin lightening products.[5]
Saudi Arabia
editSkin lightening is prevalent among Saudi women, as indicated by several studies.
A 2019 study conducted among 760 Saudi female students found that 56.2% of the participants had used skin lightening products at some point in their lives.[6] Women with lower socioeconomic status were more likely to use skin lightening products.[6]
In another 2019 study, 605 Saudi women were asked about their use of skin lightening products. 63.1% of the participants reported using skin lightening products at some point in their lives.[2]
Media
edit
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The portrayal of light skin as the beauty ideal in Middle Eastern popular media has contributed to the use of skin lightening products among Middle Eastern women. An investigation by a correspondent from The Christian Science Monitor conducted in the Palestinian city of Ramallah found that Lebanese singers with European features, including Haifa Wehbe and Nancy Ajram are widely considered beauty icons.[4] Furthermore, Sudanese-born writer Nesrine Malik stated[4]
Lebanese standards of beauty and complexion have taken the Arab world by storm since the resurgence of the Lebanese in media ... further limiting the accepted definition of beauty as light-skinned, catty-eyed and slim-nosed.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Hamed, Saja H.; Tayyem, Reema; Nimer, Nisreen; Alkhatib, Hatim S. (2010). "Skin-lightening practice among women living in Jordan: prevalence, determinants, and user's awareness". International Journal of Dermatology. 49 (4): 414–420. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04463.x. ISSN 1365-4632. PMID 20465697 – via PubMed.
- ^ a b c Alrayyes, Sarah Fahad; Alrayyes, Saad Fahad; Farooq Dar, Umar (2020). "Skin-lightening practices behind the veil: An epidemiological study among Saudi women". Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 19 (1): 147–153. doi:10.1111/jocd.12972. ISSN 1473-2165. PMID 31058398 – via PubMed.
- ^ Hall, Ronald E. (20 February 2021). "Women of color spend more than $8 billion on bleaching creams worldwide every year". The Conversation. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Prusher, Ilene R. (28 December 2009). "Skin whitening cream finds new popularity among Palestinian women". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ Jaraiseh, Hiba (May 2023). "Hydroquinone Amount in Selected Skin-Whitening Creams, Awareness and attitude among women in Palestine". ResearchGate. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ a b Alrayyes, Saad F.; Alrayyes, Sarah F.; Farooq, Umar D. (2019). "Skin-lightening patterns among female students: A cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia". International Journal of Women's Dermatology. 5 (4): 246–250. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2019.04.026. ISSN 2352-6475. PMC 6831762. PMID 31700980.