Selfing syndrome refers to plants that are autogamous and display a complex of characteristics associated with self-pollination.[1] The term was first coined by Adrien Sicard and Michael Lenhard in 2011, but was first described in detail by Charles Darwin in his book “The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom” (1876), making note that the flowers of self-fertilizing plants are typically smaller and have little distance between reproductive organs.[2]
Characteristics
editPlants that exhibit selfing syndrome typically possess reduced pigmentation and flower size, reduced herkogamy,[1] and the lack of reward for pollinators.[3] Differences between outcrossing species versus selfing species can be clearly distinguished in plants such as Collinsia grandiflora, an outcrossing species, and the selfing species Collinsia parviflora.[citation needed]
Life form of selfing species
editPlants exhibiting selfing syndrome are typically autogamous and display reduced pollen ovule (P/O) ratios, resulting in a smaller pollen count and a larger number of ovules.[4] The reduction of flower size has been studied between the selfing species Capsella rubella and its closely related outcrossing relative Capsella grandiflora. The petals between the two species grow at the same rate, however, a decrease in the sterile apetela (SAP) protein activity due to variation in the SAP intron in C. rubella is responsible for reduced petal size.[5] This is due to the smaller number of cells present in the petal and results in petals that are around 35% smaller than the petals of C. grandiflora.[5] Along with reduced flower size, plants exhibiting selfing syndrome typically have reduced numbers of open flowers compared to those that outcross.[4] Selfing plants have also been found to have a larger geographic range, close to two times larger range than plants that outcross and can also be found around 110 kilometers higher in latitude.[6]
References
edit- ^ a b Duncan, Tanya M.; Rausher, Mark D. (2013). "Evolution of the selfing syndrome in Ipomoea". Frontiers in Plant Science. 4: 301. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00301. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 3738867. PMID 23950758.
- ^ Darwin, Charles (1876). The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom. Appleton, New York. pp. 3, 4, 5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Eckardt, Nancy A. (2011-09-01). "A Sense of Self: Exploring the Selfing Syndrome in Capsella". The Plant Cell. 23 (9): 3086. doi:10.1105/tpc.111.230913. ISSN 1040-4651. PMC 3203441. PMID 21954466.
- ^ a b Sicard, Adrien; Lenhard, Michael (2011-06-01). "The selfing syndrome: a model for studying the genetic and evolutionary basis of morphological adaptation in plants". Annals of Botany. 107 (9): 1433–1443. doi:10.1093/aob/mcr023. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 3108801. PMID 21303786.
- ^ a b Sicard, Adrien; Kappel, Christian; Lee, Young Wha; Woźniak, Natalia Joanna; Marona, Cindy; Stinchcombe, John R.; Wright, Stephen I.; Lenhard, Michael (2016-11-29). "Standing genetic variation in a tissue-specific enhancer underlies selfing-syndrome evolution in Capsella". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (48): 13911–13916. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11313911S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1613394113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5137693. PMID 27849572.
- ^ Grossenbacher, Dena; Runquist, Ryan Briscoe; Goldberg, Emma E.; Brandvain, Yaniv (2015). "Geographic range size is predicted by plant mating system". Ecology Letters. 18 (7): 706–713. doi:10.1111/ele.12449. ISSN 1461-0248. PMID 25980327. S2CID 833417.