Schistometopum thomense is a species of amphibian in the family Dermophiidae, endemic to São Tomé and Ilhéu das Rolas.[1] It is found in most soils on São Tomé, from tropical moist lowland forests to coastal coconut plantations. It is absent only from the driest northern areas of the island.[1] It is typically around 30 cm (12 in) in length, and is often bright yellow.[2] The size of S. thomense can vary throughout São Tomé, however, and it is the only known caecilian to follow Bergmann's rule, which states that a decreasing temperature due to factors such as increasing altitude will cause an increase in the body size of endothermic vertebrate species. The island of São Tomé is a massive shield volcano, and it therefore has differing altitudes throughout the island, potentially resulting in the size diversity of S. thomense. [3] This species may be referred to as the São Tomé caecilian (with various spellings of the island's name), as the Agua Ize caecilian, or as the island caecilian,[4] or by the local name of cobra bobo.[5]
| Schistometopum thomense | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Gymnophiona |
| Clade: | Apoda |
| Family: | Dermophiidae |
| Genus: | Schistometopum |
| Species: | S. thomense
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| Binomial name | |
| Schistometopum thomense (Bocage, 1873)
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| range | |
Synonyms edit
The species has been described under the following synonyms:[4]
- Siphonops thomensis — Bocage, 1873
- Siphonops brevirostris — Peters, 1874
- Dermophis brevirostris — Peters 1880
- Dermophis thomensis — Peters, 1880
- Schistometopum thomense — Parker, 1941
- Schistometopum ephele — Taylor, 1965
- Schistometopum brevirostris — Taylor, 1965
- Schistometopum brevirostre — Taylor, 1968
Phylogenetics edit
Interfamilial and intergeneric relationships of the São Tomé caecilian are well supported by analyses of mitochondrial (mtDNA) sequence data.[6][7][8][9] At the genus level, Schistometopum was recovered as sister to Dermophis, a genus of caecilians found in South America; these two genera are paired in a clade.[6] Within Schistometopum, Wilkinson et al. (2003) found that S. thomense is sister to S. gregorii (an East African species distributed in Kenya and Tanzania) which was also determined to be its lone congener. This congeneric grouping was later supported by sequence analyses of thirteen complete mitochondrial genomes from twelve caecilian species.[8] However, species-level phylogenetic relationships of S. thomense have yet to be fully determined, given the recent discovery of Schistometopum ephele, a cryptic species on São Tomé Island.[9] Available information on species-level relationships (inclusive of S. ephele) is limited to a single line of evidence that the common ancestor of S. thomense and S. ephele diverged from its sister species (S. gregorii) ~1 Ma.[9][10] Further information is needed to fully understand phylogenetic relationships at the species level.
Zooming out to higher-level phylogenetic relationships, S. thomense was historically placed in the Caeciliidae,[6][8][11][12] a highly unresolved grouping that was paraphyletic with respect to the Typhlonectidae and the Scolecomorphidae.[10] This classification remained until 2011, when a nine-family level taxa (Rhinatrematidae, Ichthyophiidae, Scolecomorphidae, Herpelidae, Caeciliidae, Typhlonectidae, Indotyphlidae, Siphonopidae, and Dermophiidae) for caecilians that resolved the paraphyly of Caeciliidae and placed the genus Schistometopum in the Dermophiidae (Dermophis, Geotrypetes, Gymnopis, and Schistometopum), sister to Siphonopidae, was proposed.[6] Subsequent studies on caecilians used this nine-family classification.
References edit
- ^ a b c IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Schistometopum thomense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T59592A16958403. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T59592A16958403.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ Kingdon, Jonathan (1989). Island Africa: The Evolution of Africa's Rare Plants and Animals. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 39. ISBN 0-691-08560-9.
- ^ Measey, John; Van Dongen, Stefan (2006). "Bergmann's rule and the terrestrial caecilian Schistometopum thomense (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae)" (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology Research. 8: 1049–1059.
- ^ a b "Schistometopum thomense". Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference.
- ^ Species of the week: Cobra Bobo
- ^ a b c d Wilkinson, Mark; Loader, Simon P.; Gower, David J.; Sheps, Jonathan A.; Cohen, Bernard L. (2003-12-01). "Phylogenetic relationships of African caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona): Insights from mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences". African Journal of Herpetology. 52 (2): 83–92. doi:10.1080/21564574.2003.9635483. ISSN 2156-4574. S2CID 31702386.
- ^ Stoelting, Ricka E.; Measey, G. John; Drewes, Robert C. (2014-08-29). "Population Genetics of the São Tomé Caecilian (Gymnophiona: Dermophiidae: Schistometopum thomense) Reveals Strong Geographic Structuring". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e104628. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104628. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4149351. PMID 25171066.
- ^ a b c Zhang, Peng; Wake, Marvalee H. (2009-11-01). "A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny and biogeography of living caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53 (2): 479–491. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.018. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 19577653.
- ^ a b c O’Connell, Kyle A.; Prates, Ivan; Scheinberg, Lauren A.; Mulder, Kevin P.; Bell, Rayna C. (June 2021). "Speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian". Molecular Ecology. 30 (12): 2859–2871. doi:10.1111/mec.15928. hdl:2027.42/168310. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 33969550. S2CID 234346715.
- ^ a b Loader, Simon P; Pisani, Davide; Cotton, James A; Gower, David J; Day, Julia J; Wilkinson, Mark (2007-10-22). "Relative time scales reveal multiple origins of parallel disjunct distributions of African caecilian amphibians". Biology Letters. 3 (5): 505–508. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0266. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 2396187. PMID 17609171.
- ^ Taylor, Edward Harrison (1965). "New Asiatic and African caecilians with redescriptions of certain other species". The University of Kansas Science Bulletin. 46: 253–302. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.20077. ISSN 0022-8850.
- ^ Nussbaum, Ronald; Pfrender, Michael (1998). Revision of the African Caecilian Genus Schistometopum Parker (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae) (PDF) (187 ed.). Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan.