Wikipedia

Savoryella

Savoryella is a genus of freshwater and marine based fungi in the family Savoryellaceae and the order Savoryellales.[2][3]

Savoryella
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Sordariomycetes, (subclass Savoryellomycetidae)
Order:
Savoryellales
Family:
Savoryellaceae
Genus:
Savoryella

E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton,[1]
Type species
Savoryella lignicola
E.B.G.Jones & R.A.Eaton

History edit

The taxonomic placement of Savoryella species has been widely debated since it was published, and the genus had been tentatively assigned to various orders within the Sordariomycetes class.[4][5]

The genus had been tentatively placed in order Sphaeriales (now Diaporthales) incertae sedis by Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer in 1979,[6] Ascomycetes incertae sedis by Eriksson & Hawksworth in 1986,[7] family Amphisphaeriaceae by Eriksson & Hawksworth in 1987,[8] order Sordariales by Jones & Hyde in 1992,[9] and order Halosphaeriales by Read et al. in 1993 based on morphological features.[10] Vijaykrishna et al. in 2006 showed Savoryella belongs to Hypocreales order based on phylogenetic analysis of partial small subunit rRNA (SSU).[11] The genus Savoryella, based on morphological features, was then placed in the Sordariales order genera incertae sedis by Jones et al. (2009),[12] and, later, Boonyuen et al. (2011),[4] showed that genera Savoryella, Ascotaiwania, Ascothailandia, and Canalisporium all cluster in the order Savoryellales within class Hypocreomycetidae,[13] Sordariomycetes.[14]

The family Savoryellaceae was then established by Jaklitsch and Réblová in 2015,[15] and was typified by the genus Savoryella. Boonyuen et al. (2011),[4] had earlier introduced the order Savoryellales, but without designating a family to it. According to phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses (Hongsanan et al., 2017;[16] Hyde et al., 2017),[17] the orders Conioscyphales, Fuscosporellales, Pleurotheciales, and Savoryellales cluster together as a distinct clade, with a stem age of 268 Mya.[16] Hence, the order Savoryellales was referred to a new subclass Savoryellomycetidae by Hongsanan et al. in 2017,[16] which was then supported by other studies.[14][18]

Fossilised fungal spores have been found in topsoil samples on Tibetan Plateau in 2021. They were collected from different vegetation zones and show lots of variation. Savoryella spp. was found to be the dominant taxon in cropland samples.[19]

Taxonomy edit

The genus name of Savoryella is derived from John George Savory (1917-2003), who was a mycologist, born in Sacriston, Co Durham, England. He was the UK's leading expert on the special group of fungi that attack wood and wood-based materials. He made substantial contributions to testing technologies and to the derivation of national and European standards, as well as inspiring new studies on the microbial ecology of decay in wooden windows in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Then in the mid-1950s, he recognised and described a new group of wood-destroying microbes causing what he called "soft rot" - on account of the slimy texture conferred to the wood they degraded, especially under aquatic conditions. Then in 1969 a completely new genus of fungi was discovered by researchers at Portsmouth Polytechnic to cause soft rot in the marine environment, its identifier, Evan Benjamin Gareth Jones, gave it the name of Savoryella in tribute to Savory.[1][20] with Latin diminutive suffix ellus.[21]

Description edit

Members of the Savoryella genus, are characterized by immersed (growing wholly under water) to superficial (being on or near the surface) ascomata,[22] (fruiting body), papillate (covered in papillae/hairs), periphysate, clavate (club-shaped) to cylindrical, unitunicate (single-walled) asci with a non-amyloid apical thickening containing a pore, and ellipsoidal, 3-septate (walled) ascospores (spores contained in an ascus) are ellipsoid to fusiform (spindle or rod-shaped), with brown central cells and hyaline (translucent) polar cells.[4][23] Paraphyses of Savoryella are inconspicuous at maturity.[4][14]

The apical pore or apparatus of ascus was not originally described by Jones and Eaton, 1969).[1] Later, Jones and Hyde (1992) observed the asci and apical apparatus of species; Savoryella appendiculata, Savoryella longispora, and Savoryella paucispora.[9] Ultra-structural observations of asci and ascospores with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) by Read et al. (1992) described the ascal apical ring of Savoryella appendiculata and Savoryella longispora as extending subapically on to the side walls of the ascus.[24]

Taxonomic studies of marine Ascomycotina with the ultra-structure of the asci, ascospores and appendages of Savoryella were studied in 1993. [10] They revealed that the unitunicate ascus wall comprised an outer, 30–40 nm electron-dense layer and an inner, 420–450 nm, thick, electron-transparent layer.[10][23]

The sexual morphs of Savoryellales species have perithecial (spherical, cylindrical, or flask-shaped hollow) ascomata (fruiting body) with elongate necks, while the asexual morphs are dematiaceous (produce melanin in their cell walls, giving them a characteristic brown colour especially when grown on agar) hyphomycetes with semi-macronematous conidiophores (morphologically different conidiophore from the vegetative hyphae) and monoblastic (one primary germ layer) conidiogenous (producing conidia) cells.[25][26]

The ascospores of species Savoryella appendiculata and Savoryella paucispora have mucilaginous (sticky or viscous when wet) sheath around the central cells (Boonyuen et al., 2011).[4] Also, Savoryella appendiculata is the solitary species in this genus with ascospores with polar tetradiate appendages, formed as an outgrowth of the hyaline apical cell of the ascospore on release from the ascus (Jones and Hyde, 1992;[9] Read et al., 1993).[10]

Distribution and habitats edit

Savoryella species are found on decaying wood or substrates submerged in freshwater, marine,[27] and brackish habitats (Jones & Eaton 1969,[1] Minoura & Muroi 1978,[28] Koch 1982,[29] Hyde & Goh 1998,[30] Jones & Hyde 1992,[9] Hyde 1993,[31] Hyde 1994,[32] Ho et al. 1997,[33] Ho 2002,[34] Hyde & Jones 1998,[27] Abdel-Wahab & Jones 2000,[35] Jones et al. 2016,[36] Dayarathne et al. 2019,[26]). Including places such as water-cooling towers.[1][36] Species Savoryella lignicola was initially described from test panels of Fagus sylvestris and Pinus sylvestris which were exposed in a water cooling tower exposed to brackish water.[37]

Most Savoryella species have a cosmopolitan distribution,[38] although they are mostly common in tropical and subtropical ecosystems.[36] They are found in places such as India,[39] Sri Lanka,[29] Hong Kong,[34] Japan,[28] and Australia.[30][31]

Savoryella melanospora has been found with other fungi in intertidal mangrove forests within Thailand.[40]

Species edit

In 2019, the genus had eleven species that include five marine,[5] and six freshwater species.[26] As accepted by Species Fungorum;[41]

Former species;

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Jones, E.B.G.; Eaton, R.A. (1969). "Savoryella lignicola gen. et sp. nov. from water cooling towers". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 52: 161–174. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(69)80169-5.
  2. ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  3. ^ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [160]. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378. S2CID 249054641.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Boonyuen, Nattawut; Charuwan, Chuaseeharonnachai; Suetrong, Satinee; Sri-indrasutdhi, Veera; Sivichai, Somsak; Gareth Jones, E.B.; Pang, Ka-Lai (2011). "Savoryellales (Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetes): a novel lineage of aquatic ascomycetes inferred from multiple-gene phylogenies of the genera Ascotaiwania, Ascothailandia, and Savoryella". Mycologia. 103 (6): 1351–1371. doi:10.3852/11-102. PMID 21642338. S2CID 207626885.
  5. ^ a b "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Savoryella E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton, 1969". marinespecies.org. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  6. ^ Kohlmeyer, J.; Kohlmeyer, E. (1979). Marine Mycology: the higher fungi. New York: Academic Press. p. 690.
  7. ^ Eriksson, O.E.; Hawksworth, D.L. (1986). "An alphabetical list of the generic names of ascomycetes". Systema Ascomycetum. 5: 3–111.
  8. ^ Eriksson, O.E.; Hawksworth, D.L. (1987). "Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 225-463". Systema Ascomycetum. 6: 111–166.
  9. ^ a b c d e Jones, E.B.G.; Hyde, Kevin D. (1992). "Taxonomic studies on Savoryella Jones et Eaton (Ascomycotina)". Bot. Mar. 35 (2): 83–92. doi:10.1515/botm.1992.35.2.83. S2CID 85339613.
  10. ^ a b c d Read, S.J.; Jones, E.B.G.; Moss, S.T. (1993). "Taxonomic studies of marine Ascomycotina: ultrastructure of the asci, ascospores and appendages of Savoryella species". Canadian Journal of Botany. 71 (2): 273–283. doi:10.1139/b93-028.
  11. ^ Vijaykrishna, D.; Jeewon, R.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2006). "Molecular taxonomy, origins and evolution of freshwater ascomycetes". Fungal Diversity. 23: 351–390.
  12. ^ Jones, E. B. G.; Sakayaroj, J.; Suetrong, S.; Somrithipol, S.; Pang, K. L. (2009). "Classification of marine Ascomycota, anamorphic taxa and Basidiomycota". Fungal Divers. 35: 1–187.
  13. ^ E. B. Gareth Jones and Ka-Lai Pang (Editors) Marine Fungi: and Fungal-like Organisms (2012), p. 37, at Google Books
  14. ^ a b c Gomdola, Deecksha (2 March 2021). "Savoryellales – Facesoffungi number: FoF 02096". Faces Of Fungi. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  15. ^ Jaklitsch, W. M.; Réblová, M. (2015). "Nomenclatural novelties, Savoryellaceae Jaklitsch & Réblová". Index Fungorum. 209: 1. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23534-9_1. S2CID 10435847.
  16. ^ a b c Hongsanan, S.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Samarakoon, M. C.; Jeewon, R.; Zhao, Q. (2017). "An updated phylogeny of sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence". Fungal Divers. 84: 25–41. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0384-2. S2CID 256069071.
  17. ^ Hyde, Kevin D.; Maharachchikumbura, S. S.; Hongsanan, S.; Samarakoon, M. C.; Lücking, R.; Pem, D. (2017). "The ranking of fungi: a tribute to David L. Hawksworth on his 70th birthday". Fungal Divers. 84: 1–23. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0383-3. S2CID 256072497.
  18. ^ Wijayawardene, N. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Lumbsch, H.T.; Liu, J.K.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Ekanayaka, A.H.; Tian, Q.; Phookamsak, R. (2018). "Outline of Ascomycota: 2017". Fungal Diversity. 88: 167−263. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8. S2CID 256066125.
  19. ^ Wei, Haicheng; Duan, Ronglei; Xu, Qinghai; Yang, Shixiong; Fan, Qishun; Hou, Guangliang; Du, Yongsheng; Qin, Zhanjie; Gao, Jingyi (July 2021). "Fungal spore indicators of vegetation and highland pastoralism in modern topsoil and dung, eastern Tibetan Plateau". Catena. 202: 105231. Bibcode:2021Caten.20205231W. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2021.105231. S2CID 233543952.
  20. ^ Bravery, Tony (15 September 2003). "John Savory". The Independent. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  21. ^ Jan Kohlmeyer and Erika Kohlmeyer Marine Mycology: The Higher Fungi (2013), p. 370, at Google Books
  22. ^ Tsui, C.K.M.; Hyde, K.D. (2003). "Freshwater mycology". Fungal Divers. Res. Ser. 10: 1–350. doi:10.2307/1468086. JSTOR 1468086. S2CID 86845233.
  23. ^ a b Zhang, Shengnan; Hyde, Kevin D.; Liu, Jian-Kui Jack; Jones, E. B. Gareth; Abdel-Wahab, Mohamed (July 2019). "Additions to the genus Savoryella (Savoryellaceae)". Phytotaxa. 408 (3): 195–207. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.408.3.4. S2CID 198273268.
  24. ^ Read, S.J.; Hsieh, S.Y.; Jones, E.B.G.; Moss, S.T.; Chang, H.S. (1992). "Paraliomyces lentiferus: an ultrastructural study of a little-known marine ascomycete". Can. J. Bot. 70: 2223–2232. doi:10.1139/b93-028.
  25. ^ Réblová, M.; Miller, A.N.; Rossman, A.Y.; Seifert, K.A.; Crous, P.W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Abdel-Wahab, M.A.; Cannon, P.F.; Daranagama, D.A.; De Beer, Z.W.; Huang, SK; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jayawardena, R.; Jaklitsch, W.; Jones, EBG; Ju, Y.M.; Judith, C.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Pang, K.L.; Petrini, L.E.; Raja, H.A.; Romero, A.I.; Shearer, C.A.; Senanayake, I.C.; Voglmayr, H.; Weir, B.S.; Wijayawarden, N.N. (2016). "Recommendations for competing sexual-asexually typified generic names in Sordariomycetes (except Diaporthales, Hypocreales, and Magnaporthales)". IMA Fungus. 7 (1): 131–153. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2016.07.01.08. PMC 4941682. PMID 27433444.
  26. ^ a b c Dayarathne, Monika C.; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Gareth Jones, E. B.; Dong, Wei; Devadatha, Bandarupalli; Yang, Jing; Ekanayaka, Anusha H.; De Silva, Wasana; Sarma, Vemuri V.; Al-Sadi, Abdullah M.; Khongphinitbunjong, Kitiphong; Hyde, Kevin D.; Zhao, Rui Lin (7 May 2019). "Phylogenetic Revision of Savoryellaceae and Evidence for Its Ranking as a Subclass". Front. Microbiol. Section. Fungi and Their Interactions. 10: 840. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00840. PMC 6514050. PMID 31133992.
  27. ^ a b Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E.B.G. (1998). "Marine mangrove fungi". Marine Ecology. 9 (1): 15−33. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1988.tb00196.x.
  28. ^ a b c Minoura, K.; Muroi, T. (1978). "Some freshwater ascomycetes from Japan". Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan. 19: 129−134.
  29. ^ a b Koch, J. (1982). "Some lignicolous marine fungi from Sri Lanka". Nordic Journal of Botany. 2 (2): 163−169. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1982.tb01177.x.
  30. ^ a b Hyde, K.D.; Goh, T.K. (1998). "Fungi on submerged wood in Lake Barrine, north Queensland, Australia". Mycological Research. 102 (6): 739–749. doi:10.1017/S0953756297005868.
  31. ^ a b c Hyde, Kevin D. (1993). "Tropical Australian freshwater fungi. V.* Bombardia sp., Jahnula australiensis sp. nov., Savoryella aquatica sp. nov. and S. lignicola sp. nov". Australian Systematic Botany. 6 (2): 161−167. doi:10.1071/SB9930161.
  32. ^ a b Hyde, K.D. (1994). "The genus Savoryella from freshwater habitats, including S. grandispora sp. nov". Mycoscience. 35 (1): 59−61. doi:10.1007/BF02268529. S2CID 85292899.
  33. ^ a b c Ho, W.H.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Hodgkiss, I.J. (1997). "Ascomycetes from tropical freshwater habitats: the genus Savoryella, with two new species". Mycological Research. 101 (7): 803−809. doi:10.1017/S0953756296003310.
  34. ^ a b Ho, Yanna W.H.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Hodgkiss, I.J. (2002). "Seasonality and sequential occurrence of fungi on wood submerged in Tai Po Kau Forest Stream, Hong Kong". Fungal Diversity. 10: 21−43.
  35. ^ a b Abdel-Wahab, M.A.; Jones, E.B.G. (2000). "Three new marine Ascomycetes from driftwood in Australia sand dunes". Mycoscience. 41 (4): 379–388. doi:10.1007/BF02463951. S2CID 84369037.
  36. ^ a b c Jones, E.B.G.; To-anun, C.; Suetrong, S.; Boonyuen, N. (2016). "Mycosphere Essays 12. Progress in the classification of the water cooling tower ascomycete Savoryella and a tribute to John Savory: a review". Mycosphere. 7: 570–581. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/7/5/4.
  37. ^ Eaton, R.A.; Jones, E.B.G. (1971). "The biodeterioration of timber in water–cooling towers. I. Fungal ecology and the decay of wood at Connah's Quay and Ince". Material and Organismen. 6: 51–80.
  38. ^ "Savoryella E.B.G.Jones & R.A.Eaton, 1969". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  39. ^ Patil, S.Y.; Borse, B.D. (2011). "Diversity of Savoryella jones and eaton from north Maharashtra". Journal of Ecobiotechnology. 3 (11): 25–28. ISSN 2077-0464.
  40. ^ Suetrong, Satinee; Preedanon, Sita; Klaysuban, Anupong; Gundool, Wunna; Unagul, Panida; Sakayaroj, Jariya; Promchu, Waratthaya; Sangtiean, Tanuwong (July 2017). "Distribution and occurrence of manglicolous marine fungi from eastern and southern Thailand". Botanica Marina. 60 (4). doi:10.1515/bot-2016-0107.
  41. ^ "Savoryella - Search Page". www.speciesfungorum.org. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 14 April 2023.

External links edit

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