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Sarraceniaceae

Sarraceniaceae are a family of pitcher plants, belonging to order Ericales (reassigned from Nepenthales).

Sarraceniaceae
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous? – recent
Heliamphora chimantensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Sarraceniaceae
Dumort.
Genera

The family comprises three extant genera: Sarracenia (North American pitcher plants), Darlingtonia (the cobra lily or California pitcher plant), and Heliamphora (sun pitchers).[1][2] The extinct Archaeamphora longicervia may also belong to this family,[3] although later studies question that interpretation.[4] All three are carnivorous plants that lure insects with nectar and use their elongated, tube-shaped leaves filled with water and digestive enzymes to catch and consume them. Digestive enzymes are not always produced by the plants themselves. Digestive mutualisms are common in Sarraceniaceae: both Sarracenia and Darlingtonia rely on commensal bacteria to supplement or produce all of their enzymes.[5] Many species also use downward-pointing hairs and waxy secretions to make it difficult for insects to escape.

Sarracenia and Darlingtonia are native to North America, while Heliamphora is native to South America. Previous phylogenetic analysis suggests that the family originated in South America about 47 million years ago and spread to North America soon after, about 35 million years ago.[6] The Sarracenia and Heliamphora clade diverged from Darlingtonia around this time, most likely due to a cooling event at the beginning of the Oligocene.[6] Sarracenia diverged from Heliamphora later, around 23 million years ago.[6] However, recent study found that the divergence times in Sarraceniaceae could be much older.[7][8] The family could have originated about 88 million years ago during Late Cretaceous.[7][8] The Sarracenia and Heliamphora clade could have diverged from Darlingtonia around 54 million years ago during Early Eocene.[8] Sarracenia and Heliamphora could have split around 36 million years ago during Late Eocene.[8]

These plants grow in nutrient-poor, often acidic soil and use the insects as a nutritional supplement. As such, growth of carnivorous pitchers is plastic: as soil nitrogen increases, Sarracenia produces fewer pitchers.[9] The pitchers originate from a rhizome and die back during the winter dormancy. Plants of the genus Sarracenia occur mostly in Sphagnum bogs.

Most Sarraceniaceae have tall, narrow pitchers that are vertical or nearly so. Sarracenia purpurea, however, has short, squat, bulbous pitchers close to the ground, and Sarracenia psittacina has pitchers that grow horizontally.

The purple pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea) is the official flower of Newfoundland and Labrador.

References

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  1. ^ McPherson, S.; Schnell, D. (2011). Sarraceniaceae of North America. Poole: Redfern Natural History. ISBN 978-0-9558918-6-1.
  2. ^ McPherson, S.; Wistuba, A.; Fleischmann, A.; Nerz, J. (2011). Sarraceniaceae of South America. Poole: Redfern Natural History. ISBN 9780955891878.
  3. ^ Li, H. (2005). "Early Cretaceous sarraceniacean-like pitcher plants from China". Acta Bot. Gallica. 152 (2): 227–234. Bibcode:2005AcBG..152..227L. doi:10.1080/12538078.2005.10515473. S2CID 85000922.
  4. ^ Wong, William Oki; Dilcher, David Leonard; Labandeira, Conrad C.; Sun, Ge; Fleischmann, Andreas (2015-05-07). "Early Cretaceous Archaeamphora is not a carnivorous angiosperm". Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 326. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00326. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 4423337. PMID 25999978.
  5. ^ Anderson, B.; Midgley, J.J. (2003). "Digestive mutualism, an alternate pathway in plant carnivory". Oikos. 102 (1): 221–4. Bibcode:2003Oikos.102..221A. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12478.x.
  6. ^ a b c d Ellison, A.M.; Butler, E.D.; Hicks, E.J.; Naczi, R.F.C.; Calie, P.J.; Bell, C.D.; Davis, C.C. (2012). "Phylogeny and biogeography of the carnivorous plant family Sarraceniaceae". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e39291. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739291E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039291. PMC 3374786. PMID 22720090.
  7. ^ a b Magallón, Susana; Gómez-Acevedo, Sandra; Sánchez-Reyes, Luna L.; Hernández-Hernández, Tania (2015). "A metacalibrated time-tree documents the early rise of flowering plant phylogenetic diversity". New Phytologist. 207 (2): 437–453. doi:10.1111/nph.13264. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 25615647. S2CID 21846569.
  8. ^ a b c d Liu, Sukuan; Smith, Stacey D. (2021-01-01). "Phylogeny and biogeography of South American marsh pitcher plant genus Heliamphora (Sarraceniaceae) endemic to the Guiana Highlands" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 154: 106961. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106961. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 32956799. S2CID 221844433.
  9. ^ Ellison, A.M.; Gotelli, N.J. (2002). "Nitrogen availability alters the expression of carnivory in the northern pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (7): 4409–12. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.4409E. doi:10.1073/pnas.022057199. PMC 123661. PMID 11904363.
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