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Salix caspica is a plant from the willow genus (Salix) within the willow family (Salicaceae). The natural range extends from eastern European Russia to far western China.
| Salix caspica | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Salicaceae |
| Genus: | Salix |
| Species: | S. caspica
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| Binomial name | |
| Salix caspica | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Taxonomy edit
Salix caspica is a species from the section Helix in the genus of willows (Salix) within the willow family (Salicaceae).[3][4] It was first published in 1788 by Peter Simon Pallas.[1][5] The specific epithet 'caspica' refers to the distribution area along the Caspian Sea.[6]
The holotype was collected in the Ryn Desert and is housed in the Komarov Botanical Institute in St. Petersburg.[7]
It forms the natural hybrid S. × turgaiskensis E.L.Wolf with S. rosmarinifolia in Kazakhstan.[1][8] It also hybridises with S. siberica, S. tenuijulis and S. viminalis sensu lato.[7]
Infraspecific variation edit
- Salix caspica f. longifolia was described by Nils Johan Andersson in the Prodromus, it has leaves up to 12 cm in length and 0.4 to 0.6 cm broad.[7]
- Salix caspica f. pruinosa is another form described by Andersson. It is very rare. It has dark purple branches covered in a thick pruinose (waxy) bloom.[7]
Description edit
Vegetative characteristics edit
Salix caspica is a large shrub with a height of up to 5 meters. The bark is gray. The bark of the relatively thin branches is yellowish and shiny. The buds are about 5 millimeters long and pointed.[5]
The alternate leaves arranged on the branches are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is 3 to 5 millimeters long and glabrous. With a length of 5 to 8 centimeters and a width of 4 to 5 centimeters, the simple leaf blade is linear-lanceolate or linear with a wedge-shaped base, long, pointed and entire. Both sides of the leaf are the same color, initially slightly tomentose and later glabrous. The caducous stipules are linear.[5]
The number of chromosomes is 2n=38.[9]
Generative characteristics edit
The inflorescences are long, cylindrical, almost subsessile, terete, densely flowered catkins with deciduous, scale-like leaflets at the base. The inflorescence rachis is tomentose-hairy. The bracts are brownish, pilose-hairy with a blunt tip. Male flowers have two stamens, with their filaments fused to each other and downy-haired at the base, and with yellow anthers. Female flowers have a ovoid-conical, densely tomentose, subsessile ovary. The style is very short, the stigma is capitulate. The fruit is a brownish, pubescent capsule.[5]
Distribution edit
The natural range extends from the eastern European Russia in the northern Caucausus, Southern Federal District, Volga Federal District and the Ural Federal District,[2] eastwards to Kazakhstan,[2][5] Turkmenistan,[2] and Iran, extending to Dauria, Mongolia[7] and the western part of the Chinese province of Xinjiang.[5]
Ecology edit
It grows in open forests along rivers in China,[5] elsewhere it grows along rivers in deserts and steppes in loose sandy soil or sand dunes with a high water table, and in mountain valleys up to 2,000 metres in altitude. It is also typically found in blow outs. It requires much light to grow.[7]
Salix caspica blooms before the leaves appear, in Xinjiang from April to May. The fruits ripen in Xinjiang in June.[5] In Russia it also flowers in May and fruits in June.[7]
Uses edit
Salix caspica is planted to stabilize slopes and sandy soils. Baskets and other wicker articles are woven from the branches.[5] It is considered an excellent species for this purpose, growing straight, thin, pliable stems to 2m or longer in a season. It was also grown as an ornamental plant in the Soviet Union.[7]
References edit
- ^ a b c "Salix caspica". International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Salix caspica Pall". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ "Salix caspica". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. 406511. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ Cheng-fu Fang, Shi-dong Zhao, Alexei K. Skvortsov (1999): Salix Sect. Helix, in the Flora of China, Volume 4, P. 267. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis ISBN 0-915279-70-3
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Cheng-fu Fang, Shi-dong Zhao, Alexei K. Skvortsov (1999): Salix caspica, in the Flora of China, Volume 4, P. 272. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis ISBN 0-915279-70-3
- ^ Helmut Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 3., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7, P. 99 (Nachdruck von 1996).
- ^ a b c d e f g h Nazarov, M. I. (1970) [1936]. Komarov, Vladimir Leontyevich (ed.). Flora of the U.S.S.R. Vol. 5. Translated by Landau, N. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations. pp. 123–124.
- ^ "Salix × turgaiskensis". International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ "Salix caspica". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 1 December 2020.