Ruthenian Orthodox Church may refer to:
- an exonymic designation for Eastern Orthodox ecclesiastical jurisdictions among Eastern Slavs, during the late medieval and early modern periods, including:
- the medieval and early modern Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' (Eastern Orthodox)
- the late medieval Metropolis of Halych (Eastern Orthodox)
- the late medieval Metropolis of Lithuania (Eastern Orthodox)
- Ruthenian Orthodox Church in Ukraine, an exonymic designation for early modern Eastern Orthodox Church, on the territory of Ukraine
- Belarusian Orthodox Church, an exonymic designation for the semi-automomous church of the Russian Orthodox Church, on the territory of Belarus