Rubroboletus pulcherrimus, known as Boletus pulcherrimus until 2015, and commonly known as the red-pored bolete,[1] is a species of mushroom in the family Boletaceae. It is a large bolete from Western North America with distinguishing features that include a netted surface on the stem, a red to brown cap and stem color, and red pores that stain blue upon injury. Until 2005 this was the only bolete that has been implicated in the death of someone consuming it; a couple developed gastrointestinal symptoms in 1994 after eating this fungus with the husband succumbing. Autopsy revealed infarction of the midgut.
| Rubroboletus pulcherrimus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Rubroboletus pulcherrimus, collected in Senguio, Michoacán, Mexico | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Boletaceae |
| Genus: | Rubroboletus |
| Species: | R. pulcherrimus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Rubroboletus pulcherrimus | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Rubroboletus pulcherrimus | |
|---|---|
 | Pores on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
 | Hymenium is adnate |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is olive-brown |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is poisonous or deadly |
Taxonomy
editAmerican mycologists Harry D. Thiers and Roy E. Halling were aware of confusion on the west coast of North America over red-pored boletes; two species were traditionally recognised— Boletus satanas and Boletus eastwoodiae. However, they strongly suspected the type specimen of the latter species was in fact the former. In reviewing material they published a new name for the taxon, which Thiers had written about in local guidebooks as B. eastwoodiae, as they felt that name to be invalid. Hence in 1976 they formally described Boletus pulcherrimus,[2] from the Latin pulcherrimus, meaning "very pretty".[3] It was transferred to the genus Rubroboletus in 2015 along with several other allied reddish colored, blue-staining bolete species such as Rubroboletus eastwoodiae and Rubroboletus satanas.[4]
Description
editColored various shades of olive- to reddish-brown, the cap may sometimes reach 25 centimeters (10 in) in diameter and is convex in shape before flattening at maturity. The cap surface may be smooth or velvety when young, but may be scaled in older specimens; the margin of the cap is curved inwards in young specimens but rolls out and flattens as it matures.[2]
The cap may reach a thickness of 3 to 4 cm (1.2 to 1.6 in) when mature.[5] The adnate (attached squarely to the stem) poroid surface is bright red to dark red or red-brown and bruise dark blue or black; there are 2 to 3 pores per mm in young specimens, and in maturity they expand to about 1 or 2 per mm.[5] In cross section, the tubes and flesh are yellow.[6] The tubes are between 0.5 to 1.5 cm (0.2 to 0.6 in) long, while the angular pores are up to 1 mm in diameter; pores can range in color from dark red in young specimens to reddish brown in age. The pores will stain a blue color when cut or bruised.[2] The solid, firm stem is 7–20 cm (3–8 in) long and thick—up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter, at the base before tapering to 2–5 cm (1–2 in) at the top. It is yellow or yellow-brown in color and bears a network of red reticulations on the upper 2/3 of its length. The spore print is olive-brown. The taste of the flesh is reportedly mild,[1] and the odor indistinct,[5] or "slightly fragrant".[7]
- Microscopic characters
The spores are spindle-shaped or elliptical, thick-walled, smooth, and have dimensions of 13–16 by 5.5–6.5 μm. The basidia, the spore-bearing cells, are club-shaped (clavate), attached to 1 to 4 spores, and have dimensions of 35–90 by 9–12 μm. The cystidia (sterile, non-spore-bearing cells found interspersed among the basidia) in the hymenium have dimensions of 33–60 by 8–12 μm. Clamp connections are absent in the hyphae of B. pulcherrimus.[2]
Similar species
editAlthough the relatively large fruiting bodies of R. pulcherrimus are distinctive, they might be confused with superficially similar species, such as Rubroboletus eastwoodiae; the latter species has a much thicker stalk. Another similar species is R. haematinus, which may be distinguished by its yellower stem and cap colors that are various shades of brown.[8] Its darker cap and lack of reticulation on the stipe differentiate it from R. satanas.[2] Neoboletus luridiformis grow with oaks but is smaller and have non-reticulate stipe. [9]
Distribution and habitat
edit
Rubroboletus pulcherrimus is found in western North America, from New Mexico and California to Washington, and may feasibly occur in British Columbia, Canada. One source notes it grows at low altitudes in the Cascade Range and Olympic Mountains;[6] another claims it grows at high elevations, over 5,000 ft (1,500 m).[7] Fruiting in autumn, it grows singly or in groups (although another source claims "never in groups")[10] in humus in mixed woodlands.[1][11] In the original publication describing the species, Thiers and Halling note that it is associated with forests containing tanbark oaks (Lithocarpus densiflora), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and Grand Fir (Abies grandis).[2] Smith and Weber mention increased fruitings after warm heavy fall rains following a humid summer.[12]
Toxicity
editIn general, blue-staining red-pored boletes should be avoided for consumption.[7] Thiers warned this species may be toxic after being alerted to severe gastrointestinal symptoms in one who had merely tasted it.[13] Years later, in 1994, a couple developed gastrointestinal symptoms after eating this fungus and the husband died as a result. A subsequent autopsy revealed that the man had suffered an infarction of the midgut. Rubroboletus pulcherrimus was the only bolete that had been implicated in the death of someone consuming it,[14] It is known to contain low levels of muscarine, a peripheral nervous system toxin.[15] A 2005 report from Australia recorded a fatality from muscarinic syndrome after consuming a mushroom from the genus Rubinoboletus (but possibly a species of Chalciporus).[16]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
- ^ a b c d e f Thiers HD, Halling RE (1976). "California Boletes V. Two New Species of Boletus". Mycologia. 68 (5): 976–83. doi:10.2307/3758713. JSTOR 3758713.
- ^ Simpson DP. (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. ISBN 978-0-304-52257-6.
- ^ Frank JL. (June 11, 2015). "Nomenclatural novelties" (PDF). Index Fungorum (248).
- ^ a b c Wood M, Stevens F (2009). "California Fungi—Boletus pulcherrimus". California Fungi. Archived from the original on 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
- ^ a b Ammirati JF, McKenny M, Stuntz DE (1987). The New Savory Wild Mushroom. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-295-96480-5.
- ^ a b c Tylukti EE. (1987). Mushrooms of Idaho and the Pacific Northwest Vol. 2 Non-gilled hymenomycetes. Moscow, Idaho: The University of Idaho Press. pp. 26–28. ISBN 978-0-89301-097-3.
- ^ Arora D. (1991). All that the Rain Promises and more: a Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms. Berkeley, Calif: Ten Speed Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-89815-388-0.
- ^ Desjarind D.E, Wood M.G, Stevens F.A. (2015). California Mushrooms. The comprehensive identification guide. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-60469-353-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Castellano MA, Smith JE, O'Dell T, Cázares E, Nugent S (1999). Handbook to Strategy 1 Fungal Species in the Northwest Forest Plan: Boletus pulcherrimus (PDF). Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
- ^ Ammirati JF, Traquair JA, Horgen PA (1985). Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 241–42. ISBN 978-0-8166-1407-3.
- ^ Weber NS, Smith AH (1980). The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide. Ann Arbor, Mich: University of Michigan Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-472-85610-7.
- ^ Thiers HD. (1975). California Mushrooms—A Field Guide to the Boletes. New York: Hafner Press. ISBN 978-0-02-853410-7.
- ^ Benjamin DR. "Red-pored boletes": 359–360.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) in: Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas—A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists and Physicians. New York: WH Freeman and Company. 1995. - ^ Miller HR, Miller OK (2006). North American Mushrooms: a Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Conn: Falcon Guide. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
- ^ Pauli, John L.; Foot, Carole L. (2005). "Fatal muscarinic syndrome after eating wild mushrooms". The Medical Journal of Australia. 182 (6): 294–295. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06705.x. ISSN 0025-729X. PMID 15777146. S2CID 36387566.