Wikipedia

Robert L. Carroll

Robert "Bob" Lynn Carroll CM FRSC (May 5, 1938 – April 8, 2020) was an American–Canadian vertebrate paleontologist who specialised in Paleozoic and Mesozoic amphibians and reptiles.[1]

Bob Carroll

CM FRSC
Born
Robert Lynn Carroll

(1938-05-05)May 5, 1938
Kalamazoo, Michigan, U.S.
DiedApril 8, 2020(2020-04-08) (aged 81)
Westmount, Quebec, Canada
CitizenshipAmerican
Canadian
Alma mater
AwardsOrder of Canada (2019)
Romer-Simpson Medal (2004)
Willet G. Miller Medal (2001)
Charles Schuchert Award (1978)
Scientific career
FieldsPaleontology
InstitutionsMcGill University
Doctoral advisorAlfred Sherwood Romer
Doctoral students

Biography edit

Carroll was an only child and grew up on a farm near Lansing, Michigan. He was introduced to paleontology by his father shortly after his fifth birthday, and by the time he was eight he had decided he wanted to be a vertebrate paleontologist. In that same year he received as a Christmas present the left femur of an Allosaurus, courtesy of Edwin H. Colbert, whom his father had told about his interest.[2][3] In his teen years his parents took him on many fossil hunting trips to Wyoming and South Dakota.

After high-school, he went to Michigan State University, where he received a B.Sc. in 1959, majoring in Geology.[3] From there he went to Harvard University where he studied biology and palaeontology under Alfred Sherwood Romer for his M.A. (1961) and Ph.D. degrees (1963); Carroll was Romer's last student.[1][4] His doctoral thesis dealt with what is now known as Dissorophoidea, a group of Paleozoic amphibians that are often considered the closest relatives of present day amphibians,[5][6][7] although they may also be stem-tetrapods if lissamphibians instead arose from within Lepospondyli.[8][9][10]

After obtaining his Ph.D., Carroll held a National Research Council (NRC) postdoctoral fellowship at Redpath Museum at McGill University in Montreal (1962-1963), and then a National Science Foundation (NSF) postdoctoral position at the Natural History Museum in London.[1] During this time, he studied tetrapod remains from the Pennsylvanian lycopod “tree stumps” at Joggins, Nova Scotia (a variety of temnospondyls, microsaurs, and basal amniotes). Most of this material was collected and first studied by Sir William Dawson, the first Principal of McGill University, in the nineteenth century.[1]

Returning from London, in 1964 Carroll joined the permanent staff of McGill University as curator of geology at the Redpath Museum and became the curator of vertebrate paleontology the following year.[2][11] At McGill, he was an assistant professor of zoology from 1964 to 1969, an associate professor of biology from 1969-1974, a full professor from 1974 onwards, and was appointed Strathcona Professor of Zoology in 1987.[1][11] From 1985 to 1991 he was director of the Redpath Museum.[11] He was an active professor until 2003, after which he was an emeritus professor.

Carroll died on April 8, 2020, in Westmount, Quebec, of complications from COVID-19.[12] He was survived by Anna DiTuri, a retired business school teacher, and his one child, David and granddaughter Juliette.

Scientific research edit

Carroll was a prolific publisher and studied numerous major topics within paleontology and vertebrate evolution. He is best known for his work addressing the origins and early evolution of amphibians[13][14][15] and reptiles[16][17][18][19][20] and published extensively on lepospondyls,[21][22][23][24] which have been variably considered as ancestors of amphibians or early reptiles. In a related vein, he also published numerous summary articles examining the evolution of tetrapods on land.[25][26][27][28] He is also well published on marine reptiles.[29][30][31][32][33]

He also published a number of books, including Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution (1988),[34] which remains a seminal textbook, Patterns and Processes of Vertebrate Evolution (1997),[35] and The Rise of Amphibians: 365 Million Years of Evolution (2009).[36] He coauthored another textbook, Paleontology (1998),[37] and a volume of the Handbook of Paleoherpetology on lepospondyls (1998).[38] He also edited a volume of the Amphibian Biology series on the evolutionary history of amphibians (2000).[39]

Carroll contributed to naming an extensive number of new species, outlined below:

Year Taxon Authors
1991 Utaherpeton franklini gen. et sp. nov. Carroll, Bybee, & Tidwell[21]
1990 Quasicaecilia texensis gen. et sp. nov. Carroll[40]
1982 Lacertulus bipes gen. et sp. nov. Carroll & Thompson[41]
1981 Claudiosaurus germaini gen. et sp. nov. Carroll[42]
1978 Cardiocephalus peabodyi sp. nov. Carroll & Gaskill[43]
1978 Crinodon gen. nov. Carroll & Gaskill[43]
1978 Euryodus dalyae sp. nov. Carroll & Gaskill[43]
1978 Llistrofus pricei gen. et sp. nov. Carroll & Gaskill[43]
1978 Pelodosotis elongatus gen. et sp. nov. Carroll & Gaskill[43]
1978 Saxonerpeton gen. nov. Carroll & Gaskill[43]
1977 Kenyasaurus mariakaniensis gen. et sp. nov. Harris & Carroll[44]
1973 Protocaptorhinus pricei gen. et sp. nov. Clark & Carroll[45]
1973 Romeria prima sp. nov. Clark & Carroll[45]
1969 Paleothyris acadiana gen. et sp. nov. Carroll[17]
1967 Adelospondylus watsoni gen. et sp. nov. Carroll[46]
1967 Limnostygis relictus gen. et sp. nov. Carroll[47]
1967 Romeriscus periallus gen. et sp. nov. Baird & Carroll[48]
1964 Broiliellus brevis sp. nov. Carroll[49]
1964 Brevidorsum profundum gen. et sp. nov. Carroll[49]
1964 Diploseira angusta sp. nov. (as Dissorophus angustus) Carroll[49]
1964 Conjunctio multidens gen. et sp. nov. Carroll[49]
1964 Parioxys bolli sp. nov. Carroll[50]

Several taxa are named after Carroll, including the teleost fish Mahengecharax carrolli, the 'microsaurs' Bolterpeton carrolli (now a synonym of the parareptile Delorhynchus) and Carrolla craddocki, and the captorhinid Opisthodontosaurus carrolli. He was honored with a festschrift in 2003.[1]

Carroll was awarded a large number of awards, including the Charles Schuchert Award of the Paleontological Society (1978), of which he was one of the first recipients, the Elkanah Billings Medal of the Geological Association of Canada (1991), the Willet G. Miller Medal of the Royal Society of Canada (2001), of which he was made an honorary member in 1993, and the Romer-Simpson Medal of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (2004), the society's most prestigious honor,[4] and was appointed a member of the Order of Canada (2019).[51][52] Carroll also served as the president of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology from 1982 to 1983.[53] The Canadian Society of Vertebrate Paleontology's Carroll Prize is named after Carroll.[54]

Carroll is often credited with being the "father of Canadian vertebrate paleontology"[4] because many contemporary Canadian paleontologists can trace their graduate training back to him. Carroll supervised numerous graduate students, many of whom went on to lead their own successful research labs, including Jason Anderson (University of Calgary), Michael Caldwell (University of Alberta), Philip Currie (University of Alberta), and Robert Reisz (University of Toronto).

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Sues, Hans-Dieter; Murray, A.M.; Anderson, J.S. (2003). "Robert Lynn Carroll — an appreciation" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 40 (4): 469–472. Bibcode:2003CaJES..40..469S. doi:10.1139/e02-098. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-05-15.
  2. ^ a b "science.ca : Robert L. Carroll". www.science.ca.
  3. ^ a b "2004 A. S. Romer-G. G. Simpson Medal". Archived from the original on July 16, 2010.
  4. ^ a b c Caldwell, Michael; Larsson, Hans (2020-05-04). "Robert "Bob" Lynn Carroll (1938 - 2020): The 'academic ancestor' of Canadian vertebrate palaeontology". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 8: 1–6. doi:10.18435/vamp29364. ISSN 2292-1389.
  5. ^ Anderson, Jason S. (2008-11-12). "Focal Review: The Origin(s) of Modern Amphibians". Evolutionary Biology. 35 (4): 231–247. doi:10.1007/s11692-008-9044-5. ISSN 0071-3260. S2CID 44050103.
  6. ^ SIGURDSEN, TROND; GREEN, DAVID M. (2011-01-21). "The origin of modern amphibians: a re-evaluation". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 162 (2): 457–469. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00683.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
  7. ^ Pardo, Jason D.; Small, Bryan J.; Huttenlocker, Adam K. (2017-06-19). "Stem caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado sheds light on the origins of Lissamphibia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (27): E5389–E5395. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E5389P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1706752114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5502650. PMID 28630337.
  8. ^ Laurin, Michel; Reisz, Robert R. (1997), "A New Perspective on Tetrapod Phylogeny", Amniote Origins, Elsevier, pp. 9–59, doi:10.1016/b978-012676460-4/50003-2, ISBN 978-0-12-676460-4, retrieved 2020-12-25
  9. ^ Marjanović, David; Laurin, Michel (2007-06-01). "Fossils, Molecules, Divergence Times, and the Origin of Lissamphibians". Systematic Biology. 56 (3): 369–388. doi:10.1080/10635150701397635. ISSN 1076-836X. PMID 17520502.
  10. ^ Pyron, R. Alexander (2011-05-03). "Divergence Time Estimation Using Fossils as Terminal Taxa and the Origins of Lissamphibia". Systematic Biology. 60 (4): 466–481. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr047. ISSN 1076-836X. PMID 21540408.
  11. ^ a b c "Directors of the Museum, Past and Present". Redpath Museum.
  12. ^ "COVID-19 has taken our parents, our grandparents, our friends. Here are a few, to help remember the many | National Post". April 25, 2020.
  13. ^ CARROLL, ROBERT L. (2007). "The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 150 (suppl_1): 1–140. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00246.x. ISSN 1096-3642.
  14. ^ Schoch, Rainer R.; Carroll, Robert L. (2003). "Ontogenetic evidence for the Paleozoic ancestry of salamanders". Evolution and Development. 5 (3): 314–324. doi:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2003.03038.x. ISSN 1520-541X. PMID 12752770. S2CID 22067298.
  15. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (1977), "Chapter 13 Patterns of Amphibian Evolution: An Extended Example of the Incompleteness of the Fossil Record", Patterns of Evolution as Illustrated by the Fossil Record, Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, vol. 5, Elsevier, pp. 405–437, doi:10.1016/s0920-5446(08)70333-9, ISBN 978-0-444-41495-3, retrieved 2020-12-25
  16. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (1969). "Problems of the Origin of Reptiles". Biological Reviews. 44 (3): 393–431. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1969.tb01218.x. ISSN 1464-7931. S2CID 84302993.
  17. ^ a b Carroll, Robert L. (1969). "A Middle Pennsylvanian Captorhinomorph, and the Interrelationships of Primitive Reptiles". Journal of Paleontology. 43 (1): 151–170. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1302357.
  18. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (1970-02-19). "The ancestry of reptiles". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences. 257 (814): 267–308. Bibcode:1970RSPTB.257..267C. doi:10.1098/rstb.1970.0026. ISSN 0080-4622.
  19. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (1964). "The earliest reptiles". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology. 45 (304): 61–83. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1964.tb00488.x.
  20. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (1982). "Early Evolution of Reptiles". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 13 (1): 87–109. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.000511. ISSN 0066-4162.
  21. ^ a b Carroll, Robert L.; Bybee, Paul; Tidwell, William D. (1991). "The oldest microsaur (Amphibia)". Journal of Paleontology. 65 (2): 314–322. Bibcode:1991JPal...65..314C. doi:10.1017/s0022336000020552. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 131838020.
  22. ^ Carroll, Robert L.; Chorn, John (1995-03-14). "Vertebral Development in the Oldest Microsaur and the Problem of "Lepospondyl" Relationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (1): 37–56. Bibcode:1995JVPal..15...37C. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011206. ISSN 0272-4634.
  23. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (1989). "Developmental aspects of lepospondyl vertebrae in Paleozoic tetrapods". Historical Biology. 3 (1–2): 1–25. doi:10.1080/08912968909386511. ISSN 0891-2963.
  24. ^ CARROLL, ROBERT (1966). "Microsaurs from the Westphalian B of Joggins, Nova Scotia". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. 177 (1): 63–97. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1966.tb00952.x. ISSN 0370-0461.
  25. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (2001). "The origin and early radiation of terrestrial vertebrates". Journal of Paleontology. 75 (6): 1202–1213. Bibcode:2001JPal...75.1202C. doi:10.1017/s0022336000017248. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 232345028.
  26. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (1992). "The Primary Radiation of Terrestrial Vertebrates". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 20 (1): 45–84. Bibcode:1992AREPS..20...45C. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.20.050192.000401. ISSN 0084-6597.
  27. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (1993). "Evaluation of geological age and environmental factors in changing aspects of the terrestrial vertebrate fauna during the Carboniferous". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 84 (3–4): 427–431. Bibcode:1993EESTR..84..427C. doi:10.1017/s0263593300006222. ISSN 1755-6910. S2CID 128761914.
  28. ^ CARROLL, ROBERT L.; IRWIN, JASON; GREEN, DAVID M. (2005). "Thermal physiology and the origin of terrestriality in vertebrates". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 143 (3): 345–358. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00151.x. ISSN 1096-3642.
  29. ^ Caldwell, Michael W.; Carroll, Robert L.; Kaiser, Hinrich (1995-09-14). "The pectoral girdle and forelimb ofCarsosaurus marchesetti(Aigialosauridae), with a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of mosasauroids and varanoids". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (3): 516–531. Bibcode:1995JVPal..15..516C. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011245. ISSN 0272-4634.
  30. ^ Carroll, Robert L.; Debraga, Michael (1992-03-06). "Aigialosaurs: mid-Cretaceous varanoid lizards". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 12 (1): 66–86. Bibcode:1992JVPal..12...66C. doi:10.1080/02724634.1992.10011432. ISSN 0272-4634.
  31. ^ DeBraga, Michael; Carroll, Robert L. (1993), "The Origin of Mosasaurs as a Model of Macroevolutionary Patterns and Processes", Evolutionary Biology, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 245–322, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2878-4_7, ISBN 978-1-4613-6248-7, retrieved 2020-12-25
  32. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (1997), "Mesozoic Marine Reptiles as Models of Long-Term, Large-Scale Evolutionary Phenomena", Ancient Marine Reptiles, Elsevier, pp. 467–489, doi:10.1016/b978-012155210-7/50025-9, ISBN 978-0-12-155210-7, retrieved 2020-12-25
  33. ^ Carroll, Robert L.; Gaskill, Pamela (1985-04-16). "The nothosaur Pachypleurosaurus and the origin of plesiosaurs". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences. 309 (1139): 343–393. Bibcode:1985RSPTB.309..343C. doi:10.1098/rstb.1985.0091. ISSN 0080-4622.
  34. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (Robert Lynn), 1938- (1988). Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. New York, N.Y.: W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-1822-7. OCLC 14967288.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (Robert Lynn), 1938- (1997). Patterns and processes of vertebrate evolution. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47232-6. OCLC 35714493.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (Robert Lynn), 1938- (2009). The rise of amphibians : 365 million years of evolution. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9140-3. OCLC 231947315.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ Stearn, Colin William, 1928- (1989). Paleontology : the record of life. Carroll, Robert L. (Robert Lynn), 1938-. New York: J. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-84528-0. OCLC 18984236.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie = Encyclopedia of paleoherpetology. Kuhn, Oskar, 1908-, Sues, Hans-Dieter, 1956-, Wellnhofer, Peter,, Appleby, Robert M. Stuttgart. 1969. ISBN 978-3-931516-26-0. OCLC 580976.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  39. ^ Amphibian biology. Heatwole, Harold. Chipping Norton, NSW. 2009. ISBN 978-0-949324-53-5. OCLC 31251065.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  40. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (1990). "A tiny microsaur from the Lower Permian of Texas: size constraints in Palaeozoic tetrapods". Palaeontology. 33: 893–909.
  41. ^ Carroll, Robert L.; Thompson, Pamela (1982). "A Bipedal Lizardlike Reptile from the Karroo". Journal of Paleontology. 56 (1): 1–10. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1304491.
  42. ^ Carroll, R. L. (1981-07-16). "Plesiosaur ancestors from the Upper Permian of Madagascar". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences. 293 (1066): 315–383. Bibcode:1981RSPTB.293..315C. doi:10.1098/rstb.1981.0079. ISSN 0080-4622. S2CID 86178836.
  43. ^ a b c d e f Carroll, Robert L. (Robert Lynn), 1938- (1978). The order Microsauria. Gaskill, Pamela,, American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-126-4. OCLC 4314948.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ Harris, John M.; Carroll, Robert L. (1977). "Kenyasaurus, a New Eosuchian Reptile from the Early Triassic of Kenya". Journal of Paleontology. 51 (1): 139–149. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1303471.
  45. ^ a b Clark, John S.; Carroll, Robert L. (1973). "Romeriid reptiles from the Lower Permian". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 144: 353––407.
  46. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (1967-01-01). "An Adelogyrinid Lepospondyl Amphibian from the Upper Carboniferous". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 45 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1139/z67-001. ISSN 0008-4301.
  47. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (1967). "A Limnoscelid Reptile from the Middle Pennsylvanian". Journal of Paleontology. 41 (5): 1256–1261. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1302096.
  48. ^ Baird, D.; Carroll, R. L. (1967-07-07). "Romeriscus, the Oldest Known Reptile". Science. 157 (3784): 56–59. Bibcode:1967Sci...157...56B. doi:10.1126/science.157.3784.56. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 6026664. S2CID 10481925.
  49. ^ a b c d Carroll, Robert L. (1964). "Early evolution of the dissorophid amphibians". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 131: 161–250 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  50. ^ Carroll, Robert L. (1964). "The relationships of the rhachitomous amphibian Parioxys" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (2167).
  51. ^ Dunlevy, T'Cha (2019-06-27). "Alanis Obomsawin, 15 other Quebecers to receive Order of Canada". Montreal Gazette. Archived from the original on 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
  52. ^ General, Office of the Secretary to the Governor (2019-06-20). "Governor General Announces 83 New Appointments to the Order of Canada". The Governor General of Canada. Archived from the original on 2019-06-28. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
  53. ^ "SVP - Past Presidents". Archived from the original on 2019-06-07. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
  54. ^ "Robert Lynn Carroll Prize". 2016-02-24. Retrieved 2020-12-25.

External links edit

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