Wikipedia

Richard Lenski

This article is about Richard Lenski, the evolutionary biologist. For the Lutheran commentator (his ancestor), see Richard C. H. Lenski.

Richard E. Lenski (born 1956) is an American evolutionary biologist,[3] the John A. Hannah Distinguished Professor of Microbial Ecology at Michigan State University. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a MacArthur Fellow. Lenski is best known for his still ongoing 36-year-old long-term E. coli evolution experiment, which has been instrumental in understanding the core processes of evolution, including mutation rates,[4] clonal interference,[5] antibiotic resistance,[6] the evolution of novel traits,[7] and speciation.[8] He is also well known for his pioneering work in studying evolution digitally using self-replicating organisms called Avida.

Richard E. Lenski
Richard Lenski with Long-Term Flasks and Incubator on May 26, 2016
Alma materUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Oberlin College
Known forE. coli long-term evolution experiment
AwardsNCSE Friend of Darwin Award (2017)[1]
Sewall Wright Award (2012)
MacArthur Fellowship (1996)
Guggenheim Fellowship (1991)[2]
Scientific career
FieldsEvolutionary biology Experimental evolution Microbiology
InstitutionsMichigan State University
University of California, Irvine
ThesisEffects of competition and disturbance on ground beetle populations (1982)
Doctoral advisorNelson Hairston
Other academic advisorsBruce Levin (Postdoctoral Mentor)
Doctoral studentsPaul E. Turner
Zachary Blount
Michael Travisano
Websitelenski.mmg.msu.edu

telliamedrevisited.wordpress.com

the-ltee.org

Early life

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Richard Lenski is the son of the sociologist Gerhard Lenski and the poet Jean Lenski.[9] He is also the great-nephew of children's author Lois Lenski and the great-grandson of Lutheran commentator Richard C. H. Lenski. He earned his AB from Oberlin College in 1976, and his PhD from the University of North Carolina in 1982.[10]

Scientific career

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After completing his doctoral degree, Lenski did postdoctoral research in the laboratory of Bruce Levin at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, where he began his work studying microbiology. In 1985, Lenski joined the faculty in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of California, Irvine, and he was promoted to associate professor there in 1988.[11] In 1991, Lenski moved his lab to Michigan State University, joining the NSF Science and Technology Center for Microbial Ecology there. Lenski did sabbaticals at Oxford University, working with Robert May,[12] and the University of Montpellier, hosted by Isabelle Olivieri.

Research

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E. coli experiment

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Main article: E. coli long-term evolution experiment
 
The 12 evolving E. coli populations on June 25, 2008

The E. coli long-term evolution experiment is an ongoing study in experimental evolution led by Richard Lenski that has been tracking genetic changes in 12 initially identical populations of asexual Escherichia coli bacteria since 24 February 1988.[13] The populations reached the milestone of 75,000 generations in 2022.[14]

Since the experiment's inception, Lenski and his colleagues have reported a wide array of genetic changes; some evolutionary adaptations have occurred in all 12 populations, while others have only appeared in one or a few populations. One particularly striking adaptation was the evolution of a strain of E. coli that was able to use citrate as a carbon source in an aerobic environment.[15] A defining characteristic of E. coli is its inability to use citrate as an energy source under oxic conditions.[16]

Avida simulation

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Richard Lenski has collaborated with Charles Ofria, Chris Adami, and others on research using an artificial life computer program that allows detailed analyses on the evolution of complex systems. The system allows the user to set the rate of random mutations, while natural selection acts within a virtual world promotes those mutations that provide beneficial traits (and selects against deleterious mutations). The program was dubbed Avida and starts with an artificial petri dish where organisms reproduce and perform mathematical calculations to acquire rewards in the form of increased computer time for replication. The program randomly adds mutations to copies of the artificial organisms, whicha re then subject to natural selection. As the artificial life reproduces, different lines adapt and evolve depending on their environments. The program aims to parallel the evolution of biological life in a highly abstracted form and at a much faster speed.[17][18][19][20]

Media

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In August 2013, having been inspired by a presentation by Titus Brown on the role of social media in science, Lenski began blogging at Telliamed Revisited and tweeting as @RELenski.[21]

See also: Conservapedia § Lenski dialogue

Lenski's research has received considerable attention, including lengthy discussion in Carl Zimmer's book on E. coli, Microcosm, and in Richard Dawkins' book on the evidence for evolution, The Greatest Show on Earth. Included in Dawkins' discussion was a description of the dialog Lenski had in 2008 with Andrew Schlafly, creator of Conservapedia, which Schlafly initiated as a reaction to reports of Lenski's description of the evolution of aerobic citrate usage in one of the long-term evolution experiment populations. These same findings were later cited by the creationist Ken Ham in a debate over evolution with Bill Nye. Lenski strongly criticized Ham's citation of his work and the conclusions Ham drew from it.[22]

In 2021, Lenski was interviewed about the long-term evolution experiment by Derek Muller for a Veritasium video, which has been viewed over 6 million times.[23]

Honors

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Lenski was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1991 and a MacArthur Fellowship in 1996, and in 2006 he was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences.[24]

Lenski is a fellow at the American Academy of Microbiology[25] and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences[26], and he holds the title of the John A. Hannah Distinguished Professor of Microbial Ecology at Michigan State University.[27]

On February 17, 2010, he co-founded the NSF Science and Technology Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, known as the BEACON Center.

He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2018.[28]

Lenski was the recipient of the 2021 Lifetime Achievement Award from the Society for the Study of Evolution.[29]

Selected works

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  • Lenski, R. E., M. R. Rose, S. C. Simpson, and S. C. Tadler. 1991. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. I. Adaptation and divergence during 2,000 generations. American Naturalist 138: 1315-1341.
  • Lenski, R. E., and J. E. Mittler. 1993. The directed mutation controversy and neo-Darwinism. Science 259: 188-194.
  • Lenski, R. E., and M. Travisano. 1994. Dynamics of adaptation and diversification: a 10,000-generation experiment with bacterial populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91: 6808-6814.
  • Lenski, R. E., and R. M. May. 1994. The evolution of virulence in parasites and pathogens: reconciliation between two competing hypotheses. Journal of Theoretical Biology 169: 253-265.
  • Travisano, M., J. A. Mongold, A. F. Bennett, and R. E. Lenski. 1995. Experimental tests of the roles of adaptation, chance, and history in evolution. Science 267: 87-90.
  • Sniegowski, P. D., P. J. Gerrish, and R. E. Lenski. 1997. Evolution of high mutation rates in experimental populations of Escherichia coli. Nature 387: 703-705.
  • Elena, S. F., and R. E. Lenski. 1997. Test of synergistic interactions among deleterious mutations in bacteria. Nature 390: 395-398.
  • Turner, P. E., V. S. Cooper, and R. E. Lenski. 1998. Tradeoff between horizontal and vertical modes of transmission in bacterial plasmids. Evolution 52: 455-469.
  • De Visser, J. A. G. M., C. W. Zeyl, P. J. Gerrish, J. L. Blanchard, and R. E. Lenski. 1999. Diminishing returns from mutation supply rate in asexual populations. Science 283: 404-406.
  • Velicer, G. J., L. Kroos, and R. E. Lenski. 2000. Developmental cheating in the social bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. Nature 404: 598-601.
  • Bohannan, B. J. M., and R. E. Lenski. 2000. Linking genetic change to community evolution: insights from studies of bacteria and bacteriophage. Ecology Letters 3: 362-377.
  • Cooper, V. S., and R. E. Lenski. 2000. The population genetics of ecological specialization in evolving Escherichia coli populations. Nature 407: 736-739.
  • Lenski, R. E., C. Ofria, R. T. Pennock, and C. Adami. 2003. The evolutionary origin of complex features. Nature 423: 139-144.
  • Chow, S. S., C. O. Wilke, C. Ofria, R. E. Lenski, and C. Adami. 2004. Adaptive radiation from resource competition in digital organisms. Science 305: 84-86.
  • Woods, R., D. Schneider, C. L. Winkworth, M. A. Riley, and R. E. Lenski. 2006. Tests of parallel molecular evolution in a long-term experiment with Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103: 9107-9112.
  • Blount, Z. D., C. Z. Borland, and R. E. Lenski. 2008. Historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 105: 7899-7906.
  • Blount, Z. D., J. E. Barrick, C. J. Davidson, and R. E. Lenski. 2012. Genomic analysis of a key innovation in an experimental Escherichia coli population. Nature 489: 513-518.
  • Wiser, M. J., N. Ribeck, and R. E. Lenski. 2013. Long-term dynamics of adaptation in asexual populations. Science 342: 1364-1367.
  • Losos, J. B., and R. E. Lenski, eds. 2016. How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
  • Tenaillon, O., J. E. Barrick, N. Ribeck, D. E. Deatherage, J. L. Blanchard, A. Dasgupta, G. C. Wu, S. Wielgoss, S. Cruveiller, C. Médigue, D. Schneider, and R. E. Lenski. 2016. Tempo and mode of genome evolution in a 50,000-generation experiment. Nature 536: 165-170. [DOI: 10.1038/nature18959]
  • Meyer, J. R., D. T. Dobias, S. J. Medina, L. Servilio, A. Gupta, and R. E. Lenski. 2016. Ecological speciation of bacteriophage Lambda in allopatry and sympatry. Science 354: 1301-1304. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aai8446]
  • Good, B. H., M. J. McDonald, J. E. Barrick, R. E. Lenski, and M. M. Desai. 2017. The dynamics of molecular evolution over 60,000 generations. Nature 551: 45-50. [DOI: 10.1038/nature24287]
  • Blount, Z. D., R. E. Lenski, and J. B. Losos. 2018. Contingency and determinism in evolution: replaying life’s tape. Science 362: eaam5979. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam5979]
  • Lenski, R. E. 2023. Revisiting the design of the long-term evolution experiment with Escherichia coli. Journal of Molecular Evolution 91: 241–253. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-023-10095-3]
  • Couce, A., A. Limdi, M. Magnan, S. V. Owen, C. M. Herren, R. E. Lenski, O. Tenaillon, and M. Baym. 2024. Changing fitness effects of mutations through long-term bacterial evolution. Science 383: eadd1417. [DOI: 10.1126/science.add1417]

References

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  1. ^ "MSU's Richard Lenski wins 2017 Friend of Darwin award".
  2. ^ "John Simon Guggenheim Foundation | Richard E. Lenski".
  3. ^ "Richard Lenski". Michigan State University. 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  4. ^ Tenaillon, Olivier; Barrick, Jeffrey E.; Ribeck, Noah; Deatherage, Daniel E.; Blanchard, Jeffrey L.; Dasgupta, Aurko; Wu, Gabriel C.; Wielgoss, Sébastien; Cruveiller, Stéphane (2016-08-11). "Tempo and mode of genome evolution in a 50,000-generation experiment". Nature. 536 (7615): 165–170. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..165T. doi:10.1038/nature18959. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 4988878. PMID 27479321.
  5. ^ Maddamsetti, Rohan; Lenski, Richard E.; Barrick, Jeffrey E. (2015-06-01). "Adaptation, Clonal Interference, and Frequency-Dependent Interactions in a Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli". Genetics. 200 (2): 619–631. doi:10.1534/genetics.115.176677. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 4492384. PMID 25911659.
  6. ^ Lenski, R. E. (1998-12-01). "Bacterial evolution and the cost of antibiotic resistance". International Microbiology. 1 (4): 265–270. ISSN 1139-6709. PMID 10943373.
  7. ^ Blount, Zachary D.; Borland, Christina Z.; Lenski, Richard E. (2008-06-10). "Historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of Escherichia coli". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (23): 7899–7906. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.7899B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803151105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2430337. PMID 18524956.
  8. ^ Meyer, Justin R.; Dobias, Devin T.; Medina, Sarah J.; Servilio, Lisa; Gupta, Animesh; Lenski, Richard E. (2016-11-24). "Ecological speciation of bacteriophage lambda in allopatry and sympatry". Science. 354 (6317): 1301–1304. Bibcode:2016Sci...354.1301M. doi:10.1126/science.aai8446. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27884940.
  9. ^ Richard Lenski [@relenski] (August 17, 2014). "Photo of Richard Lenski and Gerhard Lenski for the father's 90th birthday" (Tweet). Retrieved August 18, 2014 – via Twitter.
  10. ^ Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2005). Biology (7 ed.). Pearson, Benjamin Cummings. pp. 538–539. ISBN 978-0-8053-7146-8.
  11. ^ "Richard Lenski | Biographical Sketch". lenski.mmg.msu.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  12. ^ Lenski, Richard E.; May, Robert M. (1994-08-07). "The Evolution of Virulence in Parasites and Pathogens: Reconciliation Between Two Competing Hypotheses". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 169 (3): 253–265. doi:10.1006/jtbi.1994.1146. ISSN 0022-5193.
  13. ^ Lenski, Richard E. (2000). "Source of founding strain". Richard E. Lenski Homepage. Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 2018-05-31. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
  14. ^ Lenski, Richard (February 15, 2023). "Revisiting the Design of the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 91 (1): 241–253. Bibcode:2023JMolE..91..241L. doi:10.1007/s00239-023-10095-3. PMID 36790511. S2CID 256869639.
  15. ^ Blount, Zachary D.; Borland, Christina Z.; Lenski, Richard E. (2008). "Historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of Escherichia coli". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (23): 7899–906. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.7899B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803151105. JSTOR 25462703. PMC 2430337. PMID 18524956.
  16. ^ Blount, Zachary; Borland, Christina; Lenski, Richard (June 10, 2008). "Historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of Escherichia coli". PNAS. 105 (23): 7899–7906. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.7899B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803151105. PMC 2430337. PMID 18524956.
  17. ^ Lenski, R. E.; Ofria, C.; Pennock, R. T.; Adami, C. (2003). "The evolutionary origin of complex features" (PDF). Nature. 423 (6936): 139–144. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..139L. doi:10.1038/nature01568. PMID 12736677. S2CID 4401833. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
  18. ^ "Digital organisms used to confirm evolutionary process". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 2011-03-21.
  19. ^ "Artificial life experiments show how complex functions can evolve". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 2011-03-21.
  20. ^ Richard E. Lenski; Charles Ofria; Claus O. Wilke; Jia Lan Wang & Christoph Adami (2001-07-19). "Evolution of digital organisms at high mutation rates leads to survival of the flattest" (PDF). Nature. 412 (6844): 331–3. Bibcode:2001Natur.412..331W. doi:10.1038/35085569. PMID 11460163. S2CID 1482925.
  21. ^ Richard Lenski (August 19, 2013). "Welcome to Telliamed Revisited".
  22. ^ https://telliamedrevisited.wordpress.com/2014/02/05/ham-on-nye-debate-follow-up-1/, https://telliamedrevisited.wordpress.com/2014/02/06/ham-on-nye-debate-follow-up-2/, https://telliamedrevisited.wordpress.com/2014/02/07/zachary-blount-on-ham-on-nye-debate-follow-up-3/
  23. ^ Veritasium (2021-06-16). The Longest-Running Evolution Experiment. Retrieved 2024-08-23 – via YouTube.
  24. ^ United States National Academy of Sciences member list, "Member directory", Richard E. Lenski , 2006
  25. ^ "American Academy of Microbiology". ASM.org. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  26. ^ "Richard E. Lenski | American Academy of Arts and Sciences". www.amacad.org. 2024-08-23. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  27. ^ "Richard Lenski | Honored Faculty | Michigan State University". msu.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  28. ^ "Election of New Members at the 2018 Spring Meeting".
  29. ^ "Society for the Study of Evolution". www.evolutionsociety.org. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
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