The People's Consultative Assembly, the bicameral legislature of Indonesia, passed a series of resolutions of the People's Consultative Assembly (Indonesian: Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat) or TAP MPR throughout the 1960s, to the very last issued in 2003.
List of MPR and MPRS resolutions
editAs between 1960 and 1971 no election for the MPR members happened, the assembly were formed in a provisional measure, known as the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (Indonesian: Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Sementara Indonesia), which issued TAP MPRs, though there were no difference between the resolutions issued by either by MPRS or MPR.
Resolutions of the MPRS, 1960–1968
editThe beginning of Sukarno's Guided Democracy were marked with the return to the 1945 Constitution, replacing the parliamentary 1950 Provisional Constitution. With it the formation of Provisional People's Consultative Assembly, which the 1945 constitution prescribed that it consisted of members of the People's Representative Council, regional representatives (Indonesian: Utusan-utusan Daerah), and sectoral representatives (Indonesian: Utusan-utusan Golongan). Prior to this, in 1955, Indonesia held its first legislative election, and thus the 1955–1960 members of the DPR were popularly elected (which at this point they were considered transitional in nature, until next election).[1]
In March 1960, the DPR unexpectedly rejected President Sukarno's government budget plan. He then proceeded to dissolve the DPR and replaced it with the People's Representative Council-Mutual Assistance (Indonesian: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat-Gotong Royong), Its members were no longer the previously elected representatives, but rather the president's appointee, who could be appointed or dismissed by the president's will.[2][3]
| Year | Session | # | Official Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1960 | 1st General | I/MPRS/1960 | On the Political Manifesto of the Republic of Indonesia as the Official Broad Outlines of State Policy[note 1] |
| II/MPRS/1960 | On the Broad Outlines of the First Stage National Overall Planned Development Plan of 1961–1969[note 2] | ||
| 1963 | 2nd General | III/MPRS/1963 | On the Appointment of 'Bung Karno' the Great Leader of Indonesian Revolution as President for Life |
| IV/MPRS/1963 | On the Implementation Guidelines of the Broad Outlines of State Policy and Development Policy | ||
| 1965 | 3rd General | V/MPRS/1965 | On the Political Mandate of the President/Great Leader of the Revolution/Mandate Holder of the MPRS, titled 'BERDIKARI' as the Confirmation of Indonesian Revolution in Political Affairs, Implementation Guidelines of the Political Manifesto, and the Program Foundation of the Indonesian People's Struggle |
| VI/MPRS/1965 | On the Stance to Stand on Our Own Feet in the Economic and Development Affairs | ||
| VII/MPRS/1965 | On the 'GESURI',[note 3], 'TAVIP',[note 4] 'The Fifth Freedom Is Our Weapon', and 'The Era of Confrontation' as the Implementation Guidelines of the Political Manifesto of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| VIII/MPRS/1965 | On the Principles of Consultation in order to reach Consensus in the Guided Democracy as Guidelines for Consultative/Representative Bodies | ||
| 1966 | 4th General | IX/MPRS/1966 | On the Order of the President/Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces/Great Leader of the Revolution/Mandate Holder of the MPRS[note 5] |
| X/MPRS/1966 | On the Position of All Central and Regional State Institutions as Prescribed within the 1945 Constitution | ||
| XI/MPRS/1966 | On the General Election | ||
| XII/MPRS/1966 | On the Reconfirmation of Indonesian Foreign Policy | ||
| XIII/MPRS/1966 | On the Ampera Cabinet | ||
| XIV/MPRS/1966 | On the Formation of Ad Hoc Committees of the MPRS, Tasked with Researching State Institutions, Drafting the State Division of Powers between Various State Institutions According to the 1945 Constitutions, and Drafting the Details on Basic Human Rights | ||
| XV/MPRS/1966 | On the Election/Appointment of Vice President, and the Rules on the Appointment of Acting President | ||
| XVI/MPRS/1966 | On the Definition of the Mandate Holder of the MPRS | ||
| XVII/MPRS/1966 | On the Great Leader of the Revolution | ||
| XVIII/MPRS/1966 | On the Review of MPRS Resolution number III/MPRS/1963 | ||
| XIX/MPRS/1966 | On the Review of State Legislations Not Produced by MPRS, Enacted Not in Accordance to the 1945 Constitution | ||
| XX/MPRS/1966 | On the DPR-GR Memorandum on the Source of the Laws of Indonesia and the Hierarchy of Indonesian Legislations | ||
| XXI/MPRS/1966 | On the Widest Grants of Regional Autonomy | ||
| XXII/MPRS/1966 | On the Parties, Mass Organizations, and Functional Groups | ||
| XXIII/MPRS/1966 | On the Renewal of Economic, Financial, and Development Policy Foundation | ||
| XXIV/MPRS/1966 | On the Defense/Security Policy | ||
| XXV/MPRS/1966 | On the Disbandment of the Communist Party of Indonesia, Its Declaration as a Banned Organization within Indonesian territory, and the Ban to Spread or Develop the Ideology or the Teachings of Communism/Marxism-Leninism | ||
| XXVI/MPRS/1966 | On the Formation of Committee to Research the Teachings of Bung Karno the Great Leader of the Revolution | ||
| XXVII/MPRS/1966 | On the Subject of Religion, Education, and Culture | ||
| XXVIII/MPRS/1966 | On the Policy to Improve Public Welfare | ||
| XXIX/MPRS/1966 | On the Award of the Ampera Heroes[note 6] | ||
| XXX/MPRS/1966 | On the Revocation of Bintang Mahaputera Class III Award from D.N. Aidit | ||
| XXXI/MPRS/1966 | On the Prefix Change from “Paduka Yang Mulia” (P.Y.M.), “Yang Mulia” (Y.M.), “Paduka Tuan” (P.T.)[note 7] to “Bapak/Ibu” or “Saudara/Saudari”[note 8] | ||
| XXXII/MPRS/1966 | On the Fostering of the Press | ||
| 1967 | Extraordinary | XXXIII/MPRS/1967 | On the Revocation of Executive Powers from President Soekarno [sic][note 9] |
| XXXIV/MPRS/1967 | On the Review of MPRS Resolution number I/MPRS/1960 on the Political Manifesto of the Republic of Indonesia as the Official Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| XXXV/MPRS/1967 | On the Revocation of MPRS Resolution number XVII/MPRS/1966 | ||
| XXXVI/MPRS/1967 | On the Revocation of MPRS Resolution number XXVI/MPRS/1966 | ||
| 1968 | 5th General | XXXVII/MPRS/1968 | On the Revocation of MPRS Resolution number VIII/MPRS/1965 |
| XXXVII/MPRS/1968 | On the Revocation of MPRS Resolutions number: (a) II/MPRS/1960, (b) IV/MPRS/1963, (c) V/MPRS/1965, (d) VI/MPRS/1965, and (e) VII/MPRS/1965. | ||
| XXXIX/MPRS/1968 | On the Implementation of MPRS Resolution number XIX/MPRS/1966 | ||
| XL/MPRS/1968 | On the Formation of Ad Hoc Committees of the MPRS, Tasked with Researching Issued Resolutions of the 1966 Fourth Annual Session of the MPRS and the 1967 Special Session of the MPRS | ||
| XLI/MPRS/1968 | On the Main Duties of the Development Cabinet | ||
| XLII/MPRS/1968 | On the Amendment of MPRS Resolution number XI/MPRS/1966 on the General Election | ||
| XLIII/MPRS/1968 | On the Elucidation of MPRS Resolution number IX/MPRS/1966 | ||
| XLIV/MPRS/1968 | On the Appointment of the Executor of MPRS Resolution number IX/MPRS/1966 as President of the Republic of Indonesia[note 10] |
Resolutions of the MPR, 1973–2003
editOn 3 July 1971, Indonesian government managed to hold a long-delayed legislative election which had been planned to follow the first election in 1955.[4][5]
Two years after the election, between 12–24 March 1973, the 920 members of the People's Consultative Assembly,[note 11] which were composed of members of the People's Representative Council, representatives of the armed forces, as well as regional representatives, were able to held the first general session of the MPR in Jakarta, which proceeded to formally elect Suharto as President of Indonesia and Hamengkubuwono IX as Vice President of Indonesia.[note 12] As the Speaker of the MPR for this session is Idham Chalid, who also served as Speaker of the DPR. In total, eleven Resolutions were enacted during 1973 General Session.[4]
The next MPR met in session was during the 1978 General Session of the MPR, formed as result of the 1977 election. Since then, MPR met at least once in every five years, with the speaker of the DPR also served as the speaker of the MPR.
Sectoral representation to the Assembly was restored in 1984.
| Year | Session | # | Official Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1973 | General | I/MPR/1973 | On the Rules of Procedure of the MPR |
| II/MPR/1973 | On the Rules to Elect the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| III/MPR/1973 | On the Accountability of President of the Republic of Indonesia General Soeharto as the Mandate Holder of the MPR | ||
| IV/MPR/1973 | On the Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| V/MPR/1973 | On the Review of MPRS Resolutions | ||
| VI/MPR/1973 | On the Position and Working Relation of the Highest State Institution with/or Between High State Institution | ||
| VII/MPR/1973 | On the Absence from Duty by the President and/or Vice President | ||
| VIII/MPR/1973 | On the General Election | ||
| IX/MPR/1973 | On the Appointment of the President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| X/MPR/1973 | On the Delegation of Duties and Authorities to the President/Mandate Holder of the MPR in Implementing Development | ||
| XI/MPR/1973 | On the Appointment of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia[note 13] | ||
| 1978 | General | I/MPR/1978 | On the Rules of Procedure of the MPR |
| II/MPR/1978 | On the Guidelines for the Appreciation and Practice of Pancasila (Ekaprasetia Pancakarsa) | ||
| III/MPR/1978 | On the Position and Working Relation of the Highest State Institution with/or Between High State Institution | ||
| IV/MPR/1978 | On the Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| V/MPR/1978 | On the Accountability of President of the Republic of Indonesia Soeharto as the Mandate Holder of the MPR | ||
| VI/MPR/1978 | On the Confirmation of the Territorial Integration of East Timor into the Unitary Republic of Indonesia | ||
| VII/MPR/1978 | On the General Election | ||
| VIII/MPR/1978 | On the Delegation of Duties and Authorities to the President/Mandate Holder of the MPR in Improving and Securing National Development | ||
| IX/MPR/1978 | On the Need to Amend Article 3 of MPR Resolution number V/MPR/1973 | ||
| X/MPR/1978 | On the Appointment of the President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| XI/MPR/1978 | On the Appointment of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia[note 14] | ||
| 1983 | General | I/MPR/1983 | On the Rules of Procedure of the MPR |
| II/MPR/1983 | On the Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| III/MPR/1983 | On the General Election | ||
| IV/MPR/1983 | On the Referendum | ||
| V/MPR/1983 | On the Accountability of President of the Republic of Indonesia Soeharto as the Mandate Holder of the MPR, as well as the Confirmation and Award of the Title 'Father of Indonesian Development' | ||
| VI/MPR/1983 | On the Appointment of the President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| VII/MPR/1983 | On the Delegation of Duties and Authorities to the President/Mandate Holder of the MPR in Improving and Securing National Development | ||
| VIII/MPR/1983 | On the Appointment of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia[note 15] | ||
| 1988 | General | I/MPR/1988 | On the Amendment and Addendum of MPR Resolution number I/MPR/1983 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR |
| II/MPR/1988 | On the Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| III/MPR/1988 | On the General Election | ||
| IV/MPR/1988 | On the Accountability of President of the Republic of Indonesia Soeharto as the Mandate Holder of the MPR | ||
| V/MPR/1988 | On the Appointment of the President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| VI/MPR/1988 | On the Delegation of Duties and Authorities to the President/Mandate Holder of the MPR in Improving and Securing National Development | ||
| VII/MPR/1988 | On the Appointment of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia[note 16] | ||
| 1993 | General | I/MPR/1993 | On the Amendment and Addendum of MPR Resolution number I/MPR/1983 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR, Previously Amended and Added with MPR Resolution number I/MPR/1988 |
| II/MPR/1993 | On the Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| III/MPR/1993 | On the Accountability of President of the Republic of Indonesia Soeharto as the Mandate Holder of the MPR | ||
| IV/MPR/1993 | On the Appointment of the President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| V/MPR/1993 | On the Appointment of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia[note 17] | ||
| 1998 | General | I/MPR/1998 | On the Amendment and Addendum of MPR Resolution number I/MPR/1983 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR, Previously Amended and Added with MPR Resolution number I/MPR/1988 and number I/MPR/1993 |
| II/MPR/1998 | On the Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| III/MPR/1998 | On the Accountability of President of the Republic of Indonesia Soeharto as the Mandate Holder of the MPR | ||
| IV/MPR/1998 | On the Appointment of the President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| V/MPR/1998 | On the Assignment of Special Duties and Authorities to the President/Mandate Holder of the MPR in Improving and Securing National Development as the Practice of Pancasila | ||
| VI/MPR/1998 | On the Appointment of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia[note 18] | ||
| Extraordinary | VII/MPR/1998 | On the Amendment and Addendum of MPR Resolution number I/MPR/1983 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR, Previously Amended and Added Multiple Times with Latest Amendment and Addendum in MPR Resolution number I/MPR/1998 | |
| VIII/MPR/1998 | On the Revocation of MPR Resolution number IV/MPR/1983 on the Referendum | ||
| IX/MPR/1998 | On the Revocation of MPR Resolution number II/MPR/1998 on the Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| X/MPR/1998 | On the Basics of Development Reform in order to Rescue and Normalize National Livelihood, Implemented as Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| XI/MPR/1998 | On the Clean Government, Free from Corruption, Collusion, and Nepotism | ||
| XII/MPR/1998 | On the Revocation of MPR Resolution number V/MPR/1998 on the Assignment of Special Duties and Authorities to the President/Mandate Holder of the MPR in Improving and Securing National Development as the Practice of Pancasila | ||
| XIII/MPR/1998 | On the Limitation of the Term of Office for the President and the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| XIV/MPR/1998 | On the Amendment and Addendum of MPR Resolution number III/MPR/1988 on the General Election | ||
| XV/MPR/1998 | On the Implementation of Regional Autonomy, the Regulation, Distribution, and Equitable Utilization of National Resources, as well as the Central and Regional Financial Balance Within the Framework of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia | ||
| XVI/MPR/1998 | On the Politics of the Economy in order to Achieve Economic Democracy | ||
| XVII/MPR/1998 | On the Basic Human Rights | ||
| XVIII/MPR/1998 | On the Revocation of MPR Resolution number II/MPR/1978 on the Guidelines for the Appreciation and Practice of Pancasila (Ekaprasetia Pancakarsa), as well as the Confirmation of Pancasila as State Ideology | ||
| 1999 | General | I/MPR/1999 | On the Fifth Amendment of the MPR Resolution number I/MPR/1983 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR |
| II/MPR/1999 | On the Rules of Procedure of the MPR | ||
| III/MPR/1999 | On the Accountability of President of the Republic of Indonesia Prof. Dr. Ing. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie[note 19] | ||
| IV/MPR/1999 | On the 1999-2004 Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| V/MPR/1999 | On the Referendum in East Timor | ||
| VI/MPR/1999 | On the Rules for the Nomination and Election of the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| VII/MPR/1999 | On the Appointment of the President of the Republic of Indonesia[note 20] | ||
| VIII/MPR/1999 | On the Appointment of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia[note 21] | ||
| IX/MPR/1999 | On the Assignment of MPR Working Committee to Proceed with the Amendment of the 1945 Constitution | ||
| 2000 | General | I/MPR/2000 | On the First Amendment of MPR Resolution number II/MPR/1999 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR |
| II/MPR/2000 | On the Second Amendment of MPR Resolution number II/MPR/1999 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR | ||
| III/MPR/2000 | On the Source of Laws and the Hierarchy of Legislations | ||
| IV/MPR/2000 | On the Policy Recommendation in Implementing Regional Autonomy | ||
| V/MPR/2000 | On the Consolidation of National Union and Unity | ||
| VI/MPR/2000 | On the Separation of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Indonesian National Police | ||
| VII/MPR/2000 | On the Roles of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Indonesian National Police | ||
| VIII/MPR/2000 | On the Annual Report of the High State Institutions for the 2000 Annual Session of the MPR | ||
| IX/MPR/2000 | On the Assignment of MPR Working Committee to Prepare the Amendment Draft of the 1945 Constitution | ||
| 2001 | Extraordinary | I/MPR/2001 | On the Position of the MPR Regarding the Presidential Decree of 23 July 2001 |
| II/MPR/2001 | On the Accountability of President of the Republic of Indonesia K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid | ||
| III/MPR/2001 | On the Appointment of Vice President Megawati Soekarnoputri as President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| IV/MPR/2001 | On the Appointment of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia[note 22] | ||
| General | V/MPR/2001 | On the Third Amendment of MPR Resolution number 'II/MPR/1999 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR | |
| VI/MPR/2001 | On the Ethics of National Livelihood | ||
| VII/MPR/2001 | On the Vision of the Future of Indonesia | ||
| VIII/MPR/2001 | On the Recommendation on the Policy to Eradicate and Prevent Corruption, Collusion, and Nepotism | ||
| IX/MPR/2001 | On the Agrarian Renewal and the Management of Natural Resources | ||
| X/MPR/2001 | On the Implementation Report of the Decision of the MPR by the High State Institutions in the 2001 Annual Session of the MPR | ||
| XI/MPR/2001 | On the Amendment of MPR Resolution number IX/MPR/2000 on the Assignment of MPR Working Committee to Prepare the Amendment Draft of the 1945 Constitution | ||
| 2002 | General | I/MPR/2002 | On the Formation of the Constitutional Commission |
| II/MPR/2002 | On the Policy Recommendation to Accelerate the National Economy Recovery | ||
| III/MPR/2002 | On the Determination to Implement the 2003 Annual Session of the MPR | ||
| IV/MPR/2002 | On the Revocation of MPR Resolution number VI/MPR/1999 on the Rules for the Nomination and Election of the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| V/MPR/2002 | On the Fourth Amendment of MPR Resolution number II/MPR/1999 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR | ||
| VI/MPR/2002 | On the Recommendation for the Implementation Report of the Decision of the MPR by the President, the Supreme Advisory Council, the People's Representative Council, the Audit Board, and the Supreme Court for the 2002 Annual Session of the MPR | ||
| 2003 | General | I/MPR/2003 | On the Material Review and Legal Status Review of MPRS and MPR Resolutions Issued Between 1960 and 2002 |
| II/MPR/2003 | On the Fifth Amendment of MPR Resolution number II/MPR/1999 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR |
Under Resolution number I/MPR/2003, every MPR and MPRS resolutions enacted prior to this were reviewed in its material value and legal status. The MPR then grouped all 139 remaining resolutions into six categories, as follows:
| Status (in English) | Status (in Indonesian) | No. of Resolutions | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Category I | Revoked and void of all legal force | "[...] dicabut dan dinyatakan tidak berlaku." | 8
|
| Category II | Remained in effect with conditions | "[...] dinyatakan tetap berlaku dengan ketentuan." | 3
|
| Category III | Remained in effect until the formation of the 2004 government | "[...] dinyatakan tetap berlaku sampai dengan terbentuknya Pemerintahan Hasil Pemilu 2004." | 8
|
| Category IV | Remained in effect until the enactment of replacement laws | "[...] dinyatakan tetap berlaku sampai dengan terbentuknya Undang-Undang." | 11
|
| Category V | Remained in effect until the enactment of new rules of procedure | "[...] masih berlaku sampai dengan ditetapkannya Peraturan Tata Tertib Baru oleh MPR Hasil Pemilu 2004." | 5
|
| Category VI | No need for further legal action, either because it is final (einmalig), has been revoked, or has been completed | "[...] tidak perlu dilakukan tindakan hukum lebih lanjut, baik karena bersifat final (einmalig), telah dicabut, maupun telah selesai dilaksanakan." | 104
|
| Total | 139 |
Meanwhile under the following Resolution number II/MPR/2003 on the fifth amendment of the 1999 MPR Rules of Procedure, the assembly renounced its authority to issue further Resolutions and Broad Outlines of State Policy, and limited its authority on seven items, as follows:
- Amend and enact the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia;
- Inaugurate the President and/or Vice President;
- Dismiss the President and/or Vice President within their office term;
- Elect the President/and or Vice President in the event of their office left vacant;
- Amend and enact MPR Rules of Procedure;
- Elect and Inaugurate leaderships of the MPR; and
- Hear the President's accountability speech regarding the government's performance on the 1999-2004 Broad Outlines of State Policy.
Reformasi period
editOn the 2004 General Session, the MPR heard its last presidential accountability speech. From 2004 onward, president and vice president were directly elected in a general election, and thus MPR lost its power to elect president and vice president, or to decide on a president's accountability.[6][7][8] In addition, MPR lost its supremacy over other state institutions and its right as the sole executor of the people's sovereignty, and is also on equal footing as other state institutions, i.e. the President and the Supreme Court.
Under Article 2 and 3 of the Constitution and the 2014 Legislatures Act (Indonesian: Undang-Undang Nomor 17/2004 tentang Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah),[9] which later amended in 2014,[10] 2018,[11] and 2019,[12] and supplemented by various other laws, authority of the MPR is limited to:[13]
- Amend and enact the Constitution of Indonesia;
- Inaugurate the President-elect and Vice President-elect in a plenary session;
- Remove the President and/or Vice President within their office term, following DPR's articles of impeachment have been found to be proven by the Constitutional Court in a decision, and after the president and/or vice president were given chance to explain their action in a plenary session;
- Inaugurate the vice president as President in the event of the president's death in office, resignation from office, dismissal from office, or unable to perform their duties;
- Elect a vice president from two candidates submitted by the President within sixty days, in the event of the vice-president office were left vacant;
- Elect a president and vice president in the event of both persons left their office vacant at the same time within their office term within thirty days, from a list of two pairs of president- and vice-president-candidate submitted by a political party or a coalition of parties whose presidential pair managed to achieve the most and second-most votes in the previous election, to serve until the end of the office term;
- Enact the MPR Rules of Procedure and MPR Code of Ethics.
Meanwhile, the remaining MPR Resolution were still included within the official Indonesian hierarchy of legislations, only below the Constitution, but above Acts and Government Regulations in-lieu-of Acts.[14]
Notes
edit- ^ Political Manifesto of the Republic of Indonesia was President Sukarno's thoughts as stated in his 'Rediscovery of Our Revolution' [Penemuan Kembali Revolusi Kita] speech, which was read in Indonesian Independence Day, 17 August 1959, shortly after the 1959 Decree was proclaimed, that were researched mostly by the Supreme Advisory Council (at the time evolved into a state think tank) as a philosophical guideline for Indonesia, later enacted as an official Broad Outlines of State Policy.
- ^ In Indonesian: 'Garis-Garis Besar Pola Pembangunan Nasional Semesta Berencana Tahapan Pertama 1961-1969'
- ^ short for "Genta Suara Revolusi Indonesia" which literally translates to "the echoes of Indonesian revolution"
- ^ short for "Tahun 'Vivere Pericoloso'", which literally translates to "the year of living dangerously". This title was then used as the title of an Australian novel which was then better known to be adapted into a film
- ^ The president's order referred to the Order of 11 March 1966 [Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret], popularly known by its Indonesian abbreviation 'Supersemar'. The order instructed its holder Gen. Suharto to take all measures deemed necessary to guarantee state and public security, following the 30 September Movement incident. Suharto later used the document to justify the ban on the Indonesian Communist Party and communism teachings, as well as to arrest various cabinet and parliament members. This would lead to the fall of Sukarno and the rise of Suharto to the presidency.
- ^ 'Ampera Heroes' referred to thirteen individuals who died while protesting against perceived communist-infested government during the final years of the Old Order of Sukarno. They posthumously granted the title 'Ampera Heroes' by MPR, though throughout Suharto's presidency their names and role seemed to be forgotten, nor any law to execute the MPR Resolution were ever enacted. It was only in 2009 through the Honors and Awards Act (UU No. 20/2009) their existence were acknowledged, albeit implicitly, with the inclusion of Ampera Heroes as National Heroes of Indonesia in the elucidation attachment.
- ^ Various forms of 'His Excellency'.
- ^ Various forms of 'Sir/Madam'.
- ^ MPR removed Sukarno as President, with Suharto governing as Acting President until next year.
- ^ Suharto was formally elected President by MPR, the first 5-year-term until his resignation on his seventh in 1998.
- ^ The assembly no longer carry the prefix 'Provisional'.
- ^ First elected vice president of Indonesia since Mohammad Hatta, who resigned from the office in 1956.
- ^ Hamengkubuwono IX, the Sultan of Yogyakarta, was elected 2nd Vice President.
- ^ Due to disillusionment with Suharto's autocracy, Hamengkubuwono IX rejected his vice-presidential nomination. Adam Malik, the chairman of MPR, was elected 3rd Vice President.
- ^ Umar Wirahadikusumah, chairman of the Audit Board of Indonesia, was elected 4th Vice President.
- ^ Sudharmono, chairman of the ruling Golkar party, was elected 5th Vice President.
- ^ Try Sutrisno, former Commander of the Armed Forces, was nominated by the military ABRI Faction, PDI Faction, and PPP Faction, but not nominated by Suharto or the ruling Golkar party. In order to avoid conflict with the military, Suharto accepted the nomination, and Sutrisno was elected 6th Vice President.
- ^ Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, the State Minister of Research and Technology and Chair of Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, was elected 7th Vice President.
- ^ President Habibie's accountability speech was rejected by the MPR, and thus he cancelled his nomination for reelection.
- ^ Abdurrahman Wahid, chairman of the PKB party, managed to form the Central Axis, a coalition of Islamic and secular parties in opposition to Megawati's PDI-P. Following Habibie's withdrawal from the presidential race, Golkar threw their support behind Wahid. Thus, Wahid was elected 4th President of Indonesia.
- ^ Megawati was endorsed and encouraged to join Wahid as his vice president following the latter's loss in the presidential race. She would be elected 8th Vice President.
- ^ Hamzah Haz, chairman of PPP party, was elected 9th Vice President.
References
edit- ^ "Penetapan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 1959 - Wikisource bahasa Indonesia". id.wikisource.org (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-02-23.
- ^ BPHN. Presidential Decision number 4/1960.
- ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (2021-09-27). "Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Gotong Royong (DPR-GR) Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-02-23.
- ^ a b Permana, Rakhmad Hidayatulloh. "Kilas Balik Zaman Orba Saat Presiden Dipilih oleh MPR". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-02-23.
- ^ Sagala, Budiman B. (1978-07-01). "Beberapa Perbandingan Ketetapan-Ketetapan MPR & Permasalahannya". Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan. 8 (3): 270–282. doi:10.21143/jhp.vol8.no3.772 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 2503-1465.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ Zae. "Tahun 2004, Presiden Harus Berikan Pidato Pertanggungjawaban Pelaksanaan GBHN". hukumonline.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-02-23.
- ^ "Sidang Tahunan Akan Tetap Menilai Pidato Presiden". Tempo. 22 September 2004.
- ^ "Mega: Hasil Pilpres II Masih Harus Ditunggu Sesuai Aturan". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-02-23.
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