Wikipedia

Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe

Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalise same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions. Currently 33 of the 50 countries and the 8 dependent territories in Europe recognise some type of same-sex union, among them most members of the European Union (24/27). Nearly 43% of the European population lives in jurisdictions where same-sex marriage is legal.

Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.
Countries performing civil unions in Europe
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Civil unions for same-sex couples only.
  Former civil unions for same-sex couples, replaced by marriage.
  Civil unions never performed.

As of February 2024, twenty-one European countries legally recognise and perform same-sex marriages: Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. An additional ten European countries legally recognise some form of civil union, namely Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, and San Marino.

Poland and Slovakia recognise private contractual cohabitation of two persons (regardless of sexual orientation or relationship type - including non-sexual non-intimate relationships) for limited purposes. Although they do not recognise same-sex unions themselves, Bulgaria, Lithuania and Romania are bound by a ruling by the European Court of Justice to recognise same-sex marriages performed within the EU and including an EU citizen for the purposes of granting legal residence,[1] though this ruling is not always respected in practice, as in the case of Romania which has not implemented the ruling.[2] In December 2023, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that by failing to legalise same-sex unions, Poland had violated the right to respect for private and family life.[3]

Of the countries that perform same-sex marriages, some still allow civil unions, e.g. the Benelux nations, France and the United Kingdom,[nb 1] whereas Germany, Ireland and the Nordic countries have ended their pre-marriage civil union legislation so that existing unions remain but new ones are not possible.

Several European countries do not recognise any same-sex unions. Marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Of these, however, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia and Montenegro allow civil unions for same-sex couples.

Current situation edit

International level edit

European Court of Human Rights edit

Over the years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has handled cases that challenged the lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples in certain member states. The Court has held that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) requires member states to provide legal recognition, but does not require marriage to be opened to same-sex couples.

In Schalk and Kopf v Austria (24 June 2010), the European Court of Human Rights decided that the European Convention on Human Rights does not oblige member states to legislate for or legally recognise same-sex marriages.[4] However, the Court, for the first time, accepted same-sex relationships as a form of "family life".

In Vallianatos and Others v Greece (7 November 2013),[5] the Court held that exclusion of same-sex couples from registering a civil union, a legal form of partnership available to opposite-sex couples, violates the convention. Greece had enacted a law in 2008 that established civil unions for opposite-sex couples only. A 2015 law extended partnership rights to same-sex couples.

Oliari and Others v Italy (21 July 2015)[6] went further and established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples. Italy thus breached the convention; it eventually implemented civil unions in 2016. The decision set a precedent for potential future cases regarding the 23 member states, certain British and Dutch territories, and the states with limited recognition (excluding Kosovo), that currently do not recognise same-sex couples' right to family life.[7]

Chapin and Charpentier v France (9 June 2016)[8] largely confirmed Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, holding that denying a same-sex couple access to marriage does not violate the convention.[9][10] At the time of the judgment, France did allow same-sex marriage, however, the case originated from 2004 (regarding the validity of a same-sex marriage officiated by Noël Mamère), when only pacte civil de solidarité (PACS) was available to same-sex couples in France.

Fedotova and Others v. Russia (17 January 2023) ruled that states are obliged to recognize same-sex unions or civil unions. Other similar cases from other countries, including Poland, are awaiting the Tribunal.[11][12] The ECHR informed the Polish government that it had accepted complaints about the lack of access for same-sex couples to marriage or civil partnerships in Poland (2020).[13]

In a judgment issued on 12 December 2023 in the case of Przybyszewska and Others v. Poland (applications nos. 11454/17 and 9 others), the European Court of Human Rights ruled that by failing to legalise same-sex unions, Poland had violated the right to respect for private and family life (Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights). The Court found that the Polish State had failed to ensure a legal framework providing for the recognition and protection of their same-sex unions, preventing the applicants from formalising fundamental aspects of their lives, which amounted to a breach of their right to respect for their private and family life.[3]

European Union edit

See also: Coman v. Romania

Some debate occurred within the European Union about how to require member states to recognise same-sex marriages conducted in other member states, as well as any European citizens' civil unions or registered partnerships, so as to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members.[14]

In 2010, Romanian LGBT activist Adrian Coman and his American partner, Robert Claibourn Hamilton, married in Belgium, and subsequently attempted to relocate to Romania. Romanian authorities refused to recognise their marriage and the case progressed to the European Court of Justice.[15] On 11 January 2018, the ECJ's advocate general, Melchior Wathelet, issued an official legal opinion stating that an EU member country cannot refuse residency rights to the same-sex spouse of an EU citizen on the grounds that it does not recognise same-sex marriage.[16]

On 5 June 2018, the ECJ ruled in Coman's favour, stating the term "spouse" was gender-neutral, and member states are therefore obliged to recognise EU residency rights for partners of EU citizens. However, the court confirmed that it will still be up to member states whether to authorise same-sex marriage.[17][1]

According to research from the European Parliament, some EU states still do not in practice grant residency to same-sex spouses, as required by Coman v. Romania. As of September 2021, Hamilton himself has not been granted residency by the Romanian government, despite the ruling. In September 2021, the European Parliament passed a resolution condemning some states failure to implement the ruling, and calling on the European Commission to ensure rights of same-sex spouses are upheld.[2]

National level edit

Status Country Since Country population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(21 countries)
* In eleven countries that have passed marriage,
other types of partnerships are available too. 		  Andorra 2023[nb 2][18][19] 80,300
  Austria* 2019[nb 3][20] 8,974,466
  Belgium* 2003[nb 4][21] 11,710,364
  Denmark 2012[nb 5][22] 5,933,934
  Estonia* 2024[nb 6][23][24] 1,320,135
  Finland 2017[nb 7][25][26] 5,549,261
  France* 2013[nb 8][27] 64,860,737
  Germany 2017[nb 9][28] 83,234,514
  Greece*[nb 10] 2024[nb 11][29] 10,306,454
  Iceland 2010[nb 12][30] 377,266
  Ireland 2015[nb 13][31] 5,084,160
  Luxembourg* 2015[nb 14][32] 660,560
  Malta* 2017[nb 15][33] 536,492
  Netherlands* 2001[nb 16][34][35] 17,661,848
  Norway 2009[nb 17][36] 5,506,605
  Portugal* 2010[nb 18][37] 10,229,035
  Slovenia 2022[nb 19][38][39] 2,119,540
  Spain* 2005[nb 20][40] 47,488,449
  Sweden 2009[nb 21][41] 10,662,546
  Switzerland 2022[nb 22][42] 8,841,887
  United Kingdom* 2020[nb 23][43][44][45] 67,919,648
Subtotal — — 368,954,474
(42.6% of the European population)
Civil unions
(10 countries)
* In three of the countries that have passed civil unions,
another type of partnership is available too. 		  Croatia 2014[nb 24][46] 3,991,309
  Cyprus[nb 25] 2015[47] 951,730[nb 26]
  Czech Republic* 2006[nb 27][48] 10,496,342
  Hungary* 2009[nb 28][49] 9,322,912
  Italy* 2016[nb 29][50] 58,737,733
  Latvia 2022[nb 30][51][52] 1,814,023
  Liechtenstein 2011[53] 39,793
  Monaco 2020[54] 36,162
  Montenegro 2021[55] 626,007
  San Marino 2019[nb 31][56] 33,627
Subtotal — — 86,160,555
(10.0% of the European population)
Unregistered cohabitation
(2 countries)
  Poland 2012[57] 41,985,841
  Slovakia 2018[nb 32][58][59] 5,919,528
Subtotal — — 47,632,011
(5.5% of the European population)
Total - Countries with some form of recognition of same-sex unions — — 502,747,040
(58.1% of the European population)
No recognition
(8 countries)
† As part of the European Union, is legally bound
to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex
spouses of EU citizens in compliance with
case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. 		  Albania — 2,824,558
  Azerbaijan — 10,456,521
  Bosnia and Herzegovina — 3,192,819
  Kazakhstan — 19,775,157
  North Macedonia — 2,079,365
  Romania † — 20,081,644
  Turkey — 86,198,068
  Vatican City — 825
Subtotal — — 144,420,748
(16.7% of the European population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(14 countries)
† As part of the European Union, is legally bound
to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex
spouses of EU citizens in compliance with
case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice.
* Other types of partnerships are available. 		  Armenia 2015[nb 33][60][61][62] 2,775,974
  Belarus 1994[63] 9,468,966
  Bulgaria † 1991[64] 6,613,272
  Croatia †* 2013[65][66] 3,991,309
  Georgia 2018[67] 3,715,449
  Hungary †* 2012[68][69] 9,322,912
  Latvia †* 2006[70][71][72] 1,814,023
  Lithuania † 1992[73] 2,693,253
  Moldova 1994[74] 3,572,100
  Montenegro * 2007[75] 626,007
  Russia 2020 144,229,555
  Serbia 2006[76] 7,091,767
  Slovakia * 2014[77][78] 5,919,528
  Ukraine 1996[79] 34,538,339
Subtotal — — 242,620,086
(28.0% of the European population)
Total - Countries with no recognition of same-sex unions — — 359,727,469
(41.5% of the European population)

Partially-recognised and unrecognised states edit

Status Country Since State population
(Last estimate count)
No recognition
(5 states) 		  Abkhazia — 243,564
  Kosovo — 1,907,592
  Northern Cyprus — 313,626
  South Ossetia — 51,547
  Transnistria — 475,665
Total 2,991,994

(0.3% of the European population)

Sub-national level edit

Status Country Jurisdiction Legal since Jurisdiction population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(8 jurisdictions)
* Other types of partnerships are available too.
 		  Denmark   Faroe Islands 2017[80][81] 49,198
  Greenland 2016[82] 56,081
  United Kingdom   Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2014[83] 15,700
  Alderney 2018[84] 2,020
  Gibraltar* 2016[85][86] 32,194
  Guernsey 2017[87][88] 62,948
  Isle of Man* 2016[89] 84,497
  Jersey* 2018[90] 100,080
  Sark 2020[91] 600
Total 403,318
(0.0% of the European population)
Total for all European jurisdictions 865,880,853
(100% of the European population)

Future legislation edit

Marriage edit

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority edit

  Liechtenstein: On 11 March 2022, the government introduced a bill to allow stepchild adoption for same-sex couples in registered partnerships, in accordance with a 2021 court ruling, and said future bills for full marriage equality and joint adoption would have to come from individual MPs.[92] On 21 September 2022, a motion calling on the government to introduce a bill legalizing same-sex marriage[93] was submitted to the Landtag by 15 out of the 25 sitting members.[94][95] The motion was passed by a 23–2 vote in the plenary session on 2 November 2022.[96][97][98] On 11 July 2023, the government adopted a consultation report on the implementation of the motion and established a consultation period until 10 October 2023.[99][100] On 6 February 2024, the government adopted the results of the consultation report along with the subsequent proposal regarding the amendment of the Marriage Act, the Partnership Act and the Personal and Company Law.[101][102][103] The proposal was approved at its 1st reading on 8 March 2024 by a 24-1 vote, with an expected enactment date of 1 January 2025.[104][105][106][107][108] A final vote on the legislation is expected before the summer break.[109]

Opposition proposals edit

  Italy: During the current legislature, several bills to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption have been tabled by all major opposition parties (PD, M5S, Azione - Italia Viva and Alleanza Verdi Sinistra). However, as of January 2024, these bills are unlikely to pass due to lack of support from the government coalition, which holds a large majority in Parliament.[citation needed]

Non-marital partnership edit

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority edit

  Czech Republic: A bill amending the Civil Code to allow same-sex marriage was introduced in the Chamber of Deputies on 7 June 2022. The draft was signed by one representative each from five parliamentary groups: Mayors and Independents (STAN), TOP 09, the Pirate Party, the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) and ANO.[110] Debate on the bill began in May 2023.[111][112][113] The bill passed its first reading by 68 votes to 58 in the Chamber of Deputies on 29 June 2023.[114][115] On 23 October 2023, the parties in favor of equal marriage reached an agreement with opponents that the law would be approved and unions equal in rights to marriage would be recognized, as long as those unions were not called 'marriage'. Conservative parties in return withdrew a proposal to ban equal marriage in the country's constitution. This law would therefore not provide for fully marriage equality, as the resulting unions would not be called "marriages".[116] In November 2023, the Chamber's Constitutional and Legal Affairs Committee failed to reach an agreement on whether to approve the same-sex marriage bill or a bill providing partnerships equal to marriage in all but name. A second reading in the Chamber of Deputies took place on 7 February 2024.[117][118] The marriage bill was approved at the second reading,[119][120] but on third reading on 28 February, the lower house of the Parliament amended the bill to provide more rights to civil unions, instead of legalizing same-sex marriage.[121] The resulting compromise bill now awaits reading in the Senate.

  Kosovo: On 10 June 2023, Prime Minister Albin Kurti stated that the government is strongly committed to passing the new Civil Code, which would introduce same-sex civil unions in Kosovo.[122]

  Lithuania: In May 2022, a group of MPs drafted a civil union bill which would provide limited protections for registered same-sex couples. The proposal is a compromise after a more expansive civil partnership bill was defeated in 2021.[123] On 26 May 2022 the bill passed its first reading in the Seimas with 70 votes in favour, 49 votes against and 6 abstentions.[124] It passed a second reading on 23 May 2023, by a vote of 60–52. It awaits a third reading.[125]

  Ukraine: On 12 July 2022, a petition on same-sex marriage reached 28,000 signatures (above the 25,000 signatures needed to trigger a debate in parliament).[126] President Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated on 2 August 2022 that while a change of the constitution, which defines marriage as union of a man and a woman, is not allowed as long as martial law is in place, he endorses the introduction of civil unions and asked his government to evaluate legal options.[127] As of 26 May 2023, the Ukrainian Parliamentary Judicial Committee is considering Bill № 9103, which would introduce civil partnerships in Ukraine.[128]

Opposition proposals and legal rulings edit

  Romania: In May 2023, the European Court of Human Rights ordered the government to legalize same-sex civil partnerships, in order to protect the rights of queer people to a family life, as protected under the Charter.[129] The government had three months to appeal.

Public opinion edit

According to a Eurobarometer poll in 2023, public support for same-sex marriage in EU member states was highest in Sweden (94%), the Netherlands (94%), Denmark (93%), Spain (88%), Ireland (86%), Luxembourg (84%), Germany (84%), Portugal (81%), Belgium (79%), and France (79%).

According to a Eurobarometer poll in 2015, public support for same-sex marriage in EU member states was highest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%).[130] Between 2006 and 2015, support rose most significantly in Malta, from 18% to 65%, and in Ireland, from 41% to 80%.[131]

After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation.[132] In 2008, 58% of the Norwegian voters supported same-sex marriage, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it.[133] In January 2013, 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage.[134] In a late January 2013 survey, 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions.[135] According to an Ipsos poll published in 2021, 83% of Italians were in favour of legal recognition for same-sex couples, 10% stated they were against and 7% did not have a specific position on the issue.[136] 59% of surveyed Italians stated they were in favour of same-sex couples jointly adopting children, while 36% were opposed.[136]

In Greece, support more than tripled between 2006 and 2017. In 2006, 15% of Greeks said that they agreed with same-sex marriage being allowed throughout Europe,[131] rising to 50.04% by 2017. A survey in 2020 indicated that 56% of the Greek population accept same-sex marriage.[137][138]

In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage),[139] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage[140] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support.[141] On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.

In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[142] In Poland, support for same sex marriages has increased from 17% in 2006[143] to 45% in 2019,[144] according to Eurobarometer; other polls show a majority supporting registered partnerships.[145][146]

In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU.[131] In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%.[130]

Opinion polls edit

  Indicates the country/territory has legalised same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
  Indicates that the country has pending civil union or registered partnership legislation
Country Pollster Year For[a] Against[a] Neither[b] Margin
of error 		Source
  Andorra Institut d'Estudis Andorrans 2013 70%
(79%) 		19%
(21%) 		11% [147]
  Armenia Pew Research Center 2015 3%
(3%) 		96%
(97%) 		1% ±3% [148][149]
  Austria Eurobarometer 2019 66%
(69%) 		30%
(31%) 		4% [150]
  Belarus Pew Research Center 2015 16%
(16%) 		81%
(84%) 		3% ±4% [148][149]
  Belgium Ipsos 2023 72%
(81%) 		17% [9% support some rights]
(19%) 		10% not sure ±3.5% [151]
  Bosnia and Herzegovina Pew Research Center 2015–2016 13%
(14%) 		84%
(87%) 		4% ±4% [148][149]
  Bulgaria GLOBSEC 2023 21% 69% 11% [152]
  Croatia Eurobarometer 2019 39%
(41%) 		55%
(59%) 		6% [150]
  Cyprus Eurobarometer 2019 36%
(38%) 		60%
(62%) 		4% [150]
  Czech Republic GLOBSEC 2023 72% 24% 4% [153]
  Denmark Eurobarometer 2019 89%
(92%) 		8%
(8%) 		3% [150]
  Estonia HumanrightsEE 2023 53%
(58%) 		39%
(42%) 		8% [154]
  Finland Eurobarometer 2019 76%
(78%) 		21%
(22%) 		3% [150]
  France Ipsos 2023 66%
(73%) 		25% [15% support some rights]
(27%) 		9% not sure ±3.5% [151]
Pew Research Center 2023 82%
 14% 4% ±3.6% [155]
  Georgia Women's Initiatives Supporting Group 2021 10%
(12%) 		75%
(88%) 		15% [156]
  Germany Ipsos 2023 62%
(71%) 		25% [12% support some rights]
(29%) 		14% not sure ±3.5% [151]
Pew Research Center 2023 80%
 19% 1% ±3.6% [155]
  Greece Pew Research Center 2023 49% 50% 1% ±3.6% [155]
  Hungary Ipsos 2023 47%
(57%) 		36% [20% support some rights]
(43%) 		18% not sure ±3.5% [151]
Pew Research Center 2023 31% 64% 5% ±3.6% [155]
  Iceland Gallup 2006 89% 11% – [157]
  Ireland Ipsos 2023 64%
(72%) 		25% [13% support some rights]
(28%) 		11% [151]
  Italy Ipsos 2023 61%
(67%) 		30% [21% support some rights]
(33%) 		9% not sure ±3.5% [151]
Pew Research Center 2023 74%
 26% – ±3.6% [155]
  Kazakhstan Pew Research Center 2016 7%
(7%) 		89%
(93%) 		4% [148][149]
  Latvia GLOBSEC 2023 40% 46% 14% [158]
  Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Institut 2021 72% 28% 0% [159]
  Lithuania GLOBSEC 2023 22% 60% 19% [160]
  Luxembourg Eurobarometer 2019 85%
(90%) 		9%
(10%) 		6% [150]
  Malta Eurobarometer 2019 67%
(73%) 		25%
(27%) 		8% [150]
  Moldova Europa Libera Moldova 2022 14% 86% [161]
  Netherlands Ipsos 2023 80%
(85%) 		14% [6% support some rights]
(15%) 		7% not sure ±3.5% [151]
Pew Research Center 2023 89%
 10% 1% ±3.6% [155]
  Norway Pew Research Center 2017 72%
(79%) 		19%
(21%) 		9% [148][149]
  Poland Ipsos 2023 32%
(36%) 		57% [35% support some rights]
(64%) 		11% ±3.5% [151]
Pew Research Center 2023 41% 54% 5% ±3.6% [155]
  Portugal Ipsos 2023 80%
(84%) 		15% [11% support some rights]
(16%) 		5% [151]
  Romania Ipsos 2023 25%
(30%) 		59% [26% support some rights]
(70%) 		17% ±3.5% [151]
  Russia Ipsos 2021 17%
(21%) 		64% [12% support some rights]
(79%) 		20% not sure ±4.8% [162]
FOM 2019 7%
(8%) 		85%
(92%) 		8% ±3.6% [163]
  Serbia Civil Rights Defender 2020 26% – – ±3.33% [164]
  Slovakia GLOBSEC 2023 28% 63% 9% [165]
  Slovenia Eurobarometer 2019 62%
(64%) 		35%
(36%) 		3% [150]
  Spain Ipsos 2023 78%
(82%) 		17% [12% support some rights]
(18%) 		5% not sure ±3.5% [151]
Pew Research Center 2023 87%
 11% 2% ±3.6% [155]
  Sweden Ipsos 2023 75%
(82%) 		16% [7% support some rights]
(18%) 		9% not sure ±3.5% [151]
Pew Research Center 2023 92%
 5% 3% ±3.6% [155]
  Switzerland Ipsos 2023 54%
(61%) 		34% [16% support some rights]
(39%) 		13% not sure ±3.5% [151]
  Turkey Ipsos 2023 20%
(28%) 		52% [22% support some rights]
(72%) 		28% not sure ±3.5% [151]
  Ukraine Rating 2023 37%
 42%
22% ±1.5% [166]
  United Kingdom YouGov 2023 77%
(84%) 		15%
(16%) 		8% [167]
Ipsos 2023 64%
(70%) 		27% [14% support some rights]
(30%) 		9% not sure ±3.5% [151]
Pew Research Center 2023 73%
 23% 4% ±3.6% [155]
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[b] Source
  Faroe Islands Spyr.fo 2019 71.1% 12.6% 16.7% [168]
  Gibraltar Inter-Ministerial Committee Consultation 2015 63% 37% 0% [169]
  Northern Ireland YouGov 2019 55% - - [170][171]


Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Because some polls do not report 'neither', those that do are listed with simple yes/no percentages in parentheses, so their figures can be compared.
  2. ^ a b Comprises: Neutral; Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Excluding Guernsey and Overseas Territories (except Gibraltar).
  2. ^ Stable union since 2005. Civil union from 2014 until 2023.
  3. ^ Eingetragene Partnerschaft since 2010.
  4. ^ Cohabitation légale since 1999, also cohabitation de fait gives some rights to non-married couples.
  5. ^ Registreret partnerskab since 1989 until 2012.
  6. ^ Kooseluleping since 2016.
  7. ^ Rekisteröidystä parisuhteesta since 2001 until 2017.
  8. ^ Pacte civil de solidarité since 1999.
  9. ^ Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft since 2001 until 2017.
  10. ^ Not legal in the Monastic community of Mount Athos, which maintains its own sovereignty within Greece and the European Union.
  11. ^ Σύμφωνο συμβίωσης since 2015.
  12. ^ Staðfesta samvist since 1996 until 2010.
  13. ^ Civil Partnership since 2010 until 2015.
  14. ^ Partenariat since 2004.
  15. ^ Civil union since 2014.
  16. ^ Geregistreerd partnerschap since 1998, also samenwonen gives some rights to non-married couples.
  17. ^ Registrert partnerskap since 1993 until 2009.
  18. ^ Uniões de facto since 2001.
  19. ^ Registrirana partnerska skupnost between 2006 and 2017. Partnership (partnerska zveza) since 2017.
  20. ^ Parejas de hecho available in each autonomous community, legalized between 1998 and 2018. Since 1994, limited rights for cohabiting couples.
  21. ^ Registrerat partnerskap since 1994 until 2009.
  22. ^ Eingetragene Partnerschaft since 2004 until 2022.
  23. ^ Civil Partnership since 2004; same-sex marriage in England, Scotland, and Wales since 2014.
  24. ^ Unregistered cohabitation between 2003 and 2014. Life partnerships životno partnerstvo since 2014.
  25. ^ Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  26. ^ Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  27. ^ Unregistered cohabitation since 2001 and registered partnerships registrované partnerství since 2006. Limited rights for a "close person" (Osoba blízká) since 1964.
  28. ^ Unregistered cohabitation élettársi kapcsolat and registered partnerships bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolat since 2009.
  29. ^ Civil unions and cohabitation agreements since 2016.
  30. ^ Legalised by judicial decision. Registration of same-sex unions is possible through court action.
  31. ^ Limited residency rights for foreign spouses since 2012.
  32. ^ Limited rights for a "close person" (blízke osoby) since 1964.
  33. ^ While Armenia's Constitutional Court has never confirmed that the Constitution of Armenia actually bans same-sex marriage, following the 2015 constitutional referendum article 35 now states that "A woman and a man having attained the marriageable age shall have the right to marry and form a family with free expression of their will." (in Armenian: Ամուսնական տարիքի հասած կինը և տղամարդը միմյանց հետ իրենց կամքի ազատ արտահայտությամբ ամուսնանալու և ընտանիք կազմելու իրավունք ունեն). The article 143 of the Family Code recognizes foreign marriages as long as they conform with the legality of the territory where they were celebrated. Article 152, however, limits the application of foreign family law norms that contradict the internal public order, thus making the registration of same-sex marriages performed overseas possibly incompatible with Armenian law.

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Same-sex spouses have EU residence rights, top court rules". BBC News. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  2. ^ a b Boffey, Daniel (14 September 2021). "MEPs condemn failure to respect rights of same-sex partners in EU". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Poland's laws on same-sex couples violate human rights code, court rules". POLITICO. 12 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  4. ^ "Case of Schalk and Kopf v. Austria". International Commission of Jurists. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  5. ^ "CASE OF VALLIANATOS AND OTHERS v. GREECE". European Court of Human Rights. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  6. ^ "CASE OF OLIARI AND OTHERS v. ITALY". European Court of Human Rights. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  7. ^ "Where Europe stands on gay marriage and civil unions". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  8. ^ Chapin and Charpentier v. France, 40183 07 (Eur. Ct. H.R. 9 June 2016).
  9. ^ "Prohibition in France of marriage between same-sex couples prior to the Law of 17 May 2013 was not contrary to the Convention" (PDF) (Press release). Registrar of the European Court of Human Rights. 9 June 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  10. ^ "The ECHR Unanimously Confirms the Non-Existence of a Right to Gay Marriage". European Center for Law and Justice. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  11. ^ "Przełomowy wyrok Trybunału w Strasburgu: Państwa mają obowiązek uznania związków jednopłciowych".
  12. ^ "Po wyroku ETPC Polska musi uznać związki jednopłciowe".
  13. ^ "Polska o krok bliżej równości małżeńskiej. Trybunał Europejski zbada skargi". 7 July 2021.
  14. ^ Report on the proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on measures facilitating the exercise of rights conferred on workers in the context of freedom of movement for workers - A7-0386/2013 (Report). European Parliament. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  15. ^ Mattheuws, Janie (25 April 2017). "ECJ plans to rule on same-sex marriage in Romania". EURACTIVE.
  16. ^ "PRESS RELEASE No 02/18" (PDF). Court of Justice of the European Union. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  17. ^ Gillet, Kit (5 June 2018). "Same-sex marriages are backed in E.U. immigration ruling". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  18. ^ "El Consell General aprova la llei qualificada de la persona i de la família — Consell General Principat d'Andorra". www.consellgeneral.ad (in Catalan). Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  19. ^ "Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995" (PDF) (in Catalan). Butlletí Oficial del Principat d'Andorra. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  20. ^ "Distinction between marriage and registered partnership violates ban on discrimination". Verfassungsgerichtshof Österreich. 5 December 2017.
  21. ^ "Wet tot openstelling van het huwelijk voor personen van hetzelfde geslacht en tot wijziging van een aantal bepalingen van het Burgerlijk Wetboek". www.ejustice.just.fgov.be (in Dutch). 13 February 2003.
  22. ^ "Lov om ændring af lov om ægteskabs indgåelse og opløsning, lov om ægteskabets retsvirkninger og retsplejeloven og om ophævelse af lov om registreret partnerskab". www.retsinformation.dk (in Danish). 12 June 2012.
  23. ^ ERR, ERR | (20 June 2023). "Historic decision: Estonia legalizes same-sex marriage". ERR. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  24. ^ ERR, ERR | (27 June 2023). "President Karis worried about government's excessive use of confidence vote". ERR. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  25. ^ "FINLEX ® - Säädökset alkuperäisinä: Laki avioliittolain muuttamisesta 156/2015". finlex.fi (in Finnish). 20 February 2015.
  26. ^ "FINLEX ® - Ursprungliga författningar: Lag om ändring av äktenskapslagen 156/2015". finlex.fi (in Swedish). 20 February 2015.
  27. ^ "LOI n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe" (in French). Legifrance.
  28. ^ "Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts" (PDF) (in German). Bundesgesetzblatt. 28 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  29. ^ "Greece Becomes First Orthodox Country to Legalize Same-Sex Marriage". The New York Times. 15 February 2024. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  30. ^ "Lög um breytingar á hjúskaparlögum og fleiri lögum og um brottfall laga um staðfesta samvist (ein hjúskaparlög)". Alþingi (in Icelandic).
  31. ^ "Marriage Bill 2015 (Number 78 of 2015)". House of the Oireachtas. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  32. ^ "Mémorial A n° 125 de 2014" (PDF) (in French). Journal officiel du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  33. ^ "Act no. XXIII of 2017 – Marriage Act and other Laws (Amendment) Act, 2017". Ministry for Justice, Culture and Local Government of Malta. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  34. ^ "Wet openstelling huwelijk". wetten.overheid.nl (in Dutch). Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties.
  35. ^ Hoge Raad 13 April 2007, R05/139HR, ECLI:NL:HR:2007:AZ6095 Dutch
  36. ^ "Lov om endringer i ekteskapsloven, barnelova, adopsjonsloven, bioteknologiloven mv. (felles ekteskapslov for heterofile og homofile par) - Lovdata". lovdata.no.
  37. ^ "Lei n.º 9/2010 de 31 de Maio" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Diário da República. 31 May 2010.
  38. ^ "Uradni list - Vsebina Uradnega lista". www.uradni-list.si.
  39. ^ "Slovenia Legalises Same-Sex Marriage, Adoptions". www.total-slovenia-news.com.
  40. ^ "BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-2005-11364". www.boe.es (in Spanish). pp. 23632–23634.
  41. ^ "Lag (2009:253) om ändring i äktenskapsbalken" (PDF) (in Swedish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  42. ^ "Zum Nachlesen: Das War der SRF-Abstimmungssonntag". SRF (in German). 26 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  43. ^ "Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013". www.legislation.gov.uk.
  44. ^ "Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014". www.legislation.gov.uk.
  45. ^ "The Marriage (Same-sex Couples) and Civil Partnership (Opposite-sex Couples) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2019". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
  46. ^ "Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola - Zakon.hr". www.zakon.hr (in Croatian).
  47. ^ Acceptcy (11 December 2015). "Τέθηκε σε ισχύ η πολιτική συμβίωση στην Κύπρο". Antivirus Magazine (in Greek).
  48. ^ "Portál veřejné správy". portal.gov.cz (in Czech). Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  49. ^ Kft, Wolters Kluwer Hungary. "2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élettársi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról - Hatályos Jogszabályok Gyűjteménye". net.jogtar.hu.
  50. ^ Povoledo, Elisabetta (11 May 2016). "Italy Approves Same-Sex Civil Unions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  51. ^ "Court recognizes another same-sex couple as legitimate family". www.baltictimes.com. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  52. ^ "Parakstus referenduma rīkošanai nesavāc – partnerattiecību regulējums jūlijā stāsies spēkā". www.lsm.lv (in Latvian). Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  53. ^ "über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gleichgeschlechtlicher Paare (Partnerschaftsgesetz)". www.gesetze.li (in German). 1 September 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  54. ^ "La loi sur le contrat de vie commune votée à l'unanimité hier soir". Monaco Tribune (in French). 5 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  55. ^ "Conservative Montenegro registers 1st same-sex partnership". AP News. 25 July 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  56. ^ "San Marino approva legge sulle unioni civili: "Più snella rispetto alla Cirinnà"". euronews (in Italian). 16 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  57. ^ "Formalisation of legal family formats in Poland" (PDF). pp. 5–6.
  58. ^ "40/1964 Zb. - Občiansky zákonník". Slov-lex.
  59. ^ "301/2005 Z.z. - Trestný poriadok". Slov-lex.
  60. ^ "Constitution of the Republic of Armenia". The President of the Republic of Armenia. 6 December 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  61. ^ "Family Code of the Republic of Armenia". ARLIS ARmenian Legal Information System. 9 November 2004. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  62. ^ ռ/կ, Ազատություն (4 September 2015). "Armenian Constitution To Ban Same-Sex Marriage". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան. Azatutyun / Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  63. ^ Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL-M. "Belarus - Constitution". Servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  64. ^ "National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria - Constitution". National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria. 6 February 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2014. Matrimony shall be a free union between a man and a woman.
  65. ^ "2013 Referendum". Izbori.hr. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  66. ^ "Croats reject gay marriage in referendum". EurActiv.com. Reuters. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  67. ^ "CONSTITUTION OF GEORGIA". Legislative Herald of Georgia.
  68. ^ "New Hungarian constitution comes into effect with same-sex marriage ban". PinkNews. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  69. ^ "Text of the Hungarian Constitution (pdf)" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  70. ^ Sheeter, Laura (16 June 2006). "Latvia defies EU over gay rights". BBC. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  71. ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Latvia". Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  72. ^ "Saeima's Legal Affairs Committee throws away initiative for legal protection of all families". Baltic News Network - News from Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia. 6 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  73. ^ "CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA".
  74. ^ "Title II. Fundamental rights, freedoms and duties - Presidency of the Republic of Moldova". Retrieved 18 June 2015. Article 48. [...] The family shall be founded on a freely consented marriage between a husband and wife
  75. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld - Constitution of Montenegro". Refworld. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  76. ^ "Constitution of the Republic of Serbia". Srbija.gov.rs. Retrieved 22 June 2015. Contracting, duration or dissolution of marriage shall be based on the equality of man and woman.
  77. ^ "ÚSTAVA SLOVENSKEJ REPUBLIKY". Ministry of Justice of the Slovak Republic. Retrieved 9 July 2015. Article 43. Marriage is a unique union between a man and a woman
  78. ^ "Slovakia bans gay marriage in constitution". Sky News Australia. 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  79. ^ "Constitutions - Legislationline". Legislationline. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  80. ^ Mathers, Charlie (19 June 2017). "Same-sex marriage in Faroe Islands approved by Denmark". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  81. ^ "Nú kunnu samkynd giftast". portal.fo. 1 July 2017. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  82. ^ "Lov om ændring af myndighedsloven for Grønland, lov om ikrafttræden for Grønland af lov om ægteskabets retsvirkninger, retsplejelov for Grønland og kriminallov for Grønland". 20 January 2016.
  83. ^ "Overseas Marriage (Armed Forces) Order 2014" (PDF). Legislation.gov.uk. 28 April 2014.
  84. ^ "Alderney Legalises Same Sex Marriage". islandfm.com. 19 October 2017. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  85. ^ "Civil Marriage Amendment Act 2016 [No. 22 of 2016" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  86. ^ "Civil Marriage Amendment Act 2016 - Notice of Commencement" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  87. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage (Guernsey) Law, 2016 (P.2016/30)". Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  88. ^ "Orders Approved at Privy Council 2016-12-14" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  89. ^ "Marriage and Civil Partnership (Amendment) Act 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  90. ^ Crittenton, Anya (1 February 2018). "Same-sex marriage finally legalized on island of Jersey". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  91. ^ "Sark to legalise same-sex marriage from 2020". BBC News. 18 December 2019.
  92. ^ "Die aktuelle Diskussion im Landtag (11.3.2022)". Vaterland online. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  93. ^ "Motion zur öffnung der Ehe für alle" (PDF). Landtag.li (in German). 21 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  94. ^ ""Ehe für alle" kommt ins Rollen". Vaterland.li (in German). 21 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  95. ^ "15 Abgeordnete wollen die "Ehe für alle"". Vaterland.li (in German). 14 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  96. ^ "Öffentliche Landtagssitzung (Mittwoch/Donnerstag/Freitag, 2./3./4. November 2022 - 09.00 Uhr, Landtagssaal)" (PDF). landtag.li (in German). 26 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  97. ^ "Landtagsprotokoll vom 2. Nov 2022 - Motion zur Öffnung der Ehe für alle der Abgeordneten Dagmar Bühler-Nigsch, Albert Frick, Sebastian Gassner, Manuela Haldner-Schierscher, Norma Heidegger, Franziska Hoop, Johannes Kaiser, Georg Kaufmann, Wendelin Lampert, Daniel Oehry, Bettina Petzold-Mähr, Sascha Quaderer, Patrick Risch, Daniel Seger und Karin Zech-Hoop vom 21. September 2022". landtag.li (in German). 2 November 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  98. ^ "Landtag, 2. November 2022, Trakt. 8 - 10 (watch up to 1:23:30)". vimeopro (in German). 2 November 2022.
  99. ^ "Gesetzesänderung für die Ehe für alle verabschiedet". radio.li (in German). 12 July 2023.
  100. ^ "Abänderung des Ehegesetzes - Ehe für alle soll umgesetzt werden". vaterland.li (in German). 12 July 2023.
  101. ^ "Regierung verabschiedet Bericht und Antrag zur Öffnung der Ehe für alle". radio.li (in German). 7 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  102. ^ ""Kernvorlage» ausgearbeitet - Weiterer Schritt in Richtung «Ehe für alle"". vaterland.li (in German). 7 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  103. ^ "BERICHT UND ANTRAG DER REGIERUNG AN DEN LANDTAG DES FÜRSTENTUMS LIECHTENSTEIN BETREFFEND DIE ABÄNDERUNG DES EHEGESETZES, DES PARTNERSCHAFTSGESETZES UND DES PERSONEN- UND GESELLSCHAFTSRECHTS (Umsetzung der Motion zur Öffnung der Ehe für alle)" (PDF). llv.li (in German). 6 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  104. ^ "Einladung - Öffentliche Landtagssitzung (Mittwoch/Donnerstag/Freitag, 6./7./8. März 2024 09.00 Uhr, Landtagssaal) (see agenda item #33)" (PDF). landtag.li (in German). 6 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  105. ^ "Liechtenstein: Parlament berät Vorlage zur Eheöffnung". Mannschaft Magazin. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  106. ^ ""Ehe für Alle" ab 1. Januar 2025". www.radio.li (in German). Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  107. ^ "Flay Liechtenstein (Facebook): Danke für 24x „i säg jo" im Landtag". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  108. ^ "Landtag, 8. Marz 2024, Trakt. 31 (Teil 2) - 33 (watch from 33:58 onwards; results shown on 1:01:44)". vimeopro (in German). 8 March 2024.
  109. ^ "Fürstentum Liechtenstein nimmt Ehe für alle an". www.fm1today.ch (in German). 8 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  110. ^ "Czech president will veto same-sex marriage bill if lawmakers approve it". 8 June 2022.
  111. ^ "Czech parliament divided about same-sex marriage". Christian Network Europe. 2 June 2023.
  112. ^ Smith, Thomas (17 May 2023). "On International Day of Homophobia, Czechia grapples with same-sex marriage legalization". expats.cz.
  113. ^ "Sněmovna řešila manželství pro všechny. V proslovech došlo i na neomarxismus". Seznam Zprávy. 1 June 2023.
  114. ^ Benešová, Stanislava (13 June 2023). "Sněmovno, hlasuj! Iniciativa vyzvala politiky, aby jednala o manželství pro všechny". Novinky.cz (in Czech).
  115. ^ "Czech lawmakers give first nod to same-sex marriage bill, opposition ahead". Reuters. 29 June 2023.
  116. ^ "Czech MPS to "compromise" on equal marriage". 23 October 2023.
  117. ^ "Návrh: Stejnopohlavní páry by mohly vstupovat do partnerství s právy manželů". České Noviny (in Czech). 1 November 2023.
  118. ^ "Strany chtějí jednat o názvu partnerství místo manželství pro všechny". České Noviny (in Czech). 6 February 2024.
  119. ^ "Návrh: Stejnopohlavní páry by mohly vstupovat do partnerství s právy manželů". České Noviny (in Czech). 1 November 2023.
  120. ^ "Strany chtějí jednat o názvu partnerství místo manželství pro všechny". České Noviny (in Catalan). 6 February 2024.
  121. ^ "Czech Republic's lower house rejects marriage for same-sex couples but allows limited adoptions". ABC News.
  122. ^ "Kosovo's Other Deadlock: LGBT Rights in a Time of Strife". Balkan Insight. 26 July 2023.
  123. ^ "Lithuanian MPs propose civil union as compromise on same-sex partnership". www.baltictimes.com. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  124. ^ mirashhh🇺🇦 (Annie Lööf stan account🍀) [@mirashhhs] (26 May 2022). "The Seimas of Lithuania has adopted a bill legalizing gender neutral civil unions in the initial stage with 70 votes in favour! The bill was supported by the majority of TS-LKD, LRLS, LP, and LSDP MPs as well as some of the DSVL MPs https://t.co/gwyhweZbcK" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2023 – via Twitter.
  125. ^ "Same-sex civil union bill returns to Lithuanian parliament agenda, passes second vote". lrt.lt. 23 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  126. ^ "Ukraine to consider legalising same-sex marriage". 12 July 2022.
  127. ^ "Ukraine president backs civil partnerships for same-sex couples". 2 August 2022.
  128. ^ "Zelenskyy responds to civil partnerships petition". english.nv.ua. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  129. ^ OPENLY. "Europe rights court tells Romania to recognise same-sex couples". OPENLY. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  130. ^ a b "Special Eurobarometer 437: Discrimination in the EU in 2015" (PDF). European Commission. October 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2015.
  131. ^ a b c "EU Public Opinion: SSM" (PDF). Retrieved 5 November 2010.
  132. ^ "New England's largest GLBT newspaper". Bay Windows. 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
  133. ^ AVJonathan Tisdall. "Support for gay marriage". Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
  134. ^ "Nozze gay: il 54% degli italiani e favorevole, sondaggio Datamonitor". Huffpost (in Italian). 1 July 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  135. ^ "Rapporto Italia 2013". Eurispes (in Italian). 30 January 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  136. ^ a b "LGBT+ Pride 2021 Global Survey" (PDF). Ipsos. 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  137. ^ Georgakopoulos, Thodoris (April 2017). "What Greeks Believe In 2017". diaNEOsis. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  138. ^ "Liberalism in Greece today: Do we live in a liberal country?" (PDF). Kana Research. October 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  139. ^ "Increased support for gay marriage – Survey". BreakingNews.ie. 31 March 2008. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
  140. ^ "Yes to gay marriage and premarital sex: a nation strips off its conservative values". Irish Times. 9 September 2010. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  141. ^ "Poll finds Irish support for gay marriage at 73%". PinkNews. 23 February 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  142. ^ "Anketa za HRT: 59 posto građana ZA promjenu Ustava" (in Croatian). Slobodnadalmacija.hr. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  143. ^ "Standard Eurobarometer 66". European Commission. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  144. ^ "Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2019".. (page 45) Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  145. ^ "Polki i Polacy gotowi na związki partnerskie i równość małżeńską [SONDAŻE I EUROBAROMETR]" (in Polish). 25 September 2019.
  146. ^ "Sondaż: Polacy popierają związki partnerskie, ale nie chcą Marszów Równości" (in Polish). 24 September 2019.
  147. ^ "Un 70% d'andorrans aprova el matrimoni homosexual". Diari d'Andorra (in Catalan). 7 July 2013.
  148. ^ a b c d e "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe" (PDF). Pew. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  149. ^ a b c d e "Religious belief and national belonging in Central and Eastern Europe - Appendix A: Methodology". Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  150. ^ a b c d e f g h "Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2019: The social acceptance of LGBTI people in the EU" (PDF). TNS. European Commission. p. 2. Retrieved 23 September 2019. The question was whether same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe.
  151. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o LGBT+ PRIDE 2023 GLOBAL SURVEY (PDF). Ipsos. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  152. ^ https://www.globsec.org/sites/default/files/2023-05/GLOBSEC%20Trends%202023.pdf
  153. ^ https://www.globsec.org/sites/default/files/2023-05/GLOBSEC%20Trends%202023.pdf
  154. ^ "Avaliku arvamuse uuring LGBT teemadel (2023)" (PDF). Eesti Inimõiguste Keskus. April 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  155. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage". Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  156. ^ "წინარწმენიდან თანასწორობამდე (From Prejudice to Equality), part 2" (PDF). WISG. 2022.
  157. ^ "Litlar breytingar á viðhorfi til giftinga samkynhneigðra" (PDF) (in Icelandic). Gallup. September 2006.
  158. ^ https://www.globsec.org/sites/default/files/2023-05/GLOBSEC%20Trends%202023.pdf
  159. ^ Vogt, Desiree (March 2021). "Rückhalt für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare". Liechtensteiner Vaterland (in German).
  160. ^ https://www.globsec.org/sites/default/files/2023-05/GLOBSEC%20Trends%202023.pdf
  161. ^ https://moldova.europalibera.org/a/sondaj-chi%C8%99in%C4%83uienii-au-devenit-mai-toleran%C8%9Bi-fa%C8%9B%C4%83-de-comunitatea-lgbt/31856786.html
  162. ^ LGBT+ PRIDE 2021 GLOBAL SURVEY (PDF). Ipsos. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  163. ^ "Отношение к сексменьшинствам" (in Russian). ФОМ. June 2019.
  164. ^ https://crd.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ENGLESKA-VERZIJA-1.pdf
  165. ^ https://www.globsec.org/sites/default/files/2023-05/GLOBSEC%20Trends%202023.pdf
  166. ^ "Соціологічне дослідження до Дня Незалежності: УЯВЛЕННЯ ПРО ПАТРІОТИЗМ ТА МАЙБУТНЄ УКРАЇНИ (16-20 серпня 2023) Назад до списку". 24 August 2023.
  167. ^ Simons, Ned (4 February 2023). "It's Ten Years Since MPs Voted For Gay Marriage, But Is There A 'Backlash'?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  168. ^ Egholm, Sverri (7 September 2019). "Spyr.fo: 71 prosent vilja varðveita hjúnabandslógina". dagur.fo (in Faroese).
  169. ^ "ERG Says Government's Behaviour Regarding Equal Marriage Consultation Is "Fidgety And Indecisive"". Your Gibraltar TV. 21 March 2016.
  170. ^ Wakefield, Lily (20 June 2019). "70 percent of Brits say Northern Ireland should legalise same-sex marriage". PinkNews.
  171. ^ Stuart, Calum (20 June 2019). "70% of UK residents support marriage equality in Northern Ireland". Gay Star News.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Europe&oldid=1217754943"