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Pylephlebitis is an uncommon thrombophlebitis of the portal vein or any of its branches (i.e. a portal vein thrombosis) that is caused by infection. It is usually a complication of intra-abdominal sepsis, most often following diverticulitis, perforated appendicitis, or peritonitis. Considered uniformly lethal in the pre-antibiotic era, it still carries a mortality of 10-30%.
| Pylephlebitis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Pyelophlebitis and Infective suppurative thrombosis of the portal vein |
 | |
| Portal vein | |
| Specialty | Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease |
Presentation
editIt typically presents with fever, rigors, and right upper quadrant abdominal pain, but sometimes abdominal pain may be absent. Liver function test abnormalities are usually present but frank jaundice is uncommon.
Cause
editIt is a cause of portal hypertension and can cause bowel ischemia sometimes leading to bowel infarction. Diverticulitis (26.5%) and acute appendicitis (22%) are the two most common causes. Pylephlebitis is caused by a single pathogen in 43% of cases and polymicrobial in 27% of cases. The most frequently isolated bacteria are Escherichia coli (25%), Bacteroides spp. (17%), and Streptococcus spp. (15%).
Diagnosis
editIn the modern era, it is usually diagnosed by CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis. Bacteriology is often polymicrobial and blood cultures are positive in some cases. A significant fraction of people presenting with this condition have an underlying hypercoagulable state.
Treatment
editTreatment is with a prolonged course of broad-spectrum antibiotics, with the addition of anticoagulants if other clots are present outside the portal vein or if fever persists on antibiotic therapy.
References
edit- Singh, P.; Yadav, N.; Visvalingam, V.; Indaram, A.; Bank, S. (2001). "Pylephlebitis--diagnosis and management". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 96 (4): 1312–3. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03736.x. PMID 11316205. S2CID 21078117.
- Kumar, V.; Abbas, A. K.; Fausto, N.; Robbins, S. L.; Cotran, R. S. (2015). Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9th ed.; Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders.
- Fusaro, Lisa; Di Bella, Stefano; Martingano, Paola; Crocè, Lory Saveria; Giuffrè, Mauro (2023). "Pylephlebitis: A Systematic Review on Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Portal Vein Thrombosis". Diagnostics. 13 (3): 429. doi:10.3390/diagnostics13030429. ISSN 2075-4418. PMC 9914785. PMID 36766534.