Proto-Karelian[1][2][3], also known as the Old Karelian[4][5] was a language once spoken on the western shore of Lake Ladoga in Karelia, from which the dialects of the Karelian language (White, Southern and Livvi), Ludic, the Ingrian language[6], as well as the South Karelian and Savonian dialects of the Finnish language have developed.[7] It was spoken around the 12th and 13th centuries, and the language was likely quite uniform with little regional variance.[8] Old-Savonian developed from Proto-Karelian when the language of the inhabitants who had moved to the area around present-day Mikkeli mixed with western, likely Tavastian, speakers of Finnish. The Livvi-Karelian dialect and Ludic developed from the mixture of the old Vepsian language spoken by the Vepsians of the Olonets Isthmus and Proto-Karelian.[9][10][11][12]
Innovations in Proto-Karelian include: the disappearance of *d and *g between vowels, the plural stem *-lOi-, the labialization of *e in post-syllables before labial consonants and the use of "männä" (with ä instead of e) for the word "mennä" (to go).[13][14] The Old-Karelian language had already been in contact with Old Russian speakers within its early stages.[15]
References
edit- ^ Stolz, Thomas; Levkovych, Nataliya (2021-08-23). Areal Linguistics within the Phonological Atlas of Europe: Loan Phonemes and their Distribution. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-067273-2.
Proto-Karelian had only a single sibilant *s.
- ^ Land, Isaac (2023-06-16). Lake Ladoga: The Coastal History of the Greatest Lake in Europe. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. ISBN 978-951-858-630-5.
Karelian language, the eastern dialects of Finnish, the Ludic language spoken on the western shore of Lake Onega, and the Ingrian language spoken in Ingermanland, presumably all derive from a language called proto-Karelian, which may
- ^ Dahl, Östen; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (2001-01-01). The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3057-7.
Proto-Karelian (the protolanguage of Karelian, Ingrian and Eastern Finnish dialects)
- ^ Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (2023-03-31). The Uralic Languages. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-23097-7.
- ^ Kehayov, Petar (2017-07-24). The Fate of Mood and Modality in Language Death: Evidence from Minor Finnic. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-052199-3.
- ^ Strazny, Philipp (2013-02-01). Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-45523-1.
Proto-Karelian made up the basis for Ingrian, but Karelian itself has developed in close contact with Veps.
- ^ Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (2023-03-31). The Uralic Languages. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-23097-7.
- ^ Lehti, Noora. "KARJALAN KULTTUURI Matka soivaan, runolliseen ja ajattomaan Karjalaan" (PDF).
- ^ "Selityksiä ja lisätietoja: Muinais-Karjala". Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
- ^ "Karjalan kielestä on olemassa tietoa ˗ ei kannata levitellä luulopuheita". Arkistoitu versio 27.10.2020 palvelussa Archive.org. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ Kallio, Petri (2017-10-27). "Äännehistoriaa suomen kielen erilliskehityksen alkutaipaleilta". Sananjalka (in Finnish). 59 (59): 7–24. doi:10.30673/sja.66609. ISSN 2489-6470.
- ^ "Karjala – kieli, murre ja paikka". Kotimaisten kielten keskus (in Finnish). Retrieved 2024-09-08.
- ^ "Muinaiskarjalaista dialektologiaa" (PDF). Retrieved 8 January 2021.
- ^ Kallio, Petri (January 2018). "Muinaiskarjalan uralilainen tausta".
- ^ Koivisto, Vesa (2022-03-14). "Karjalan jälkiä suomessa: Konsonanttiyhtymä tsk suomen murteissa". Virittäjä (in Finnish). 126 (1). doi:10.23982/vir.97362. ISSN 2242-8828.