Prevention of autosomal recessive disorders

Prevention of autosomal recessive disorders is focused on making it less likely that two carriers for the same hereditary disease will have children together.

Background

Autosomal recessive pattern, showing how two unaffected carriers can have a child with the disease.

Some genetic disorders are caused by having two "bad" copies of a recessive allele. When the gene is located on an autosome (as opposed to a sex chromosome), it is possible for both men and women to be carriers. A child of two carriers has a 1/4 chance of being affected by the disorder.

Due to carriers being unaffected (or barely affected), the bad recessive alleles can persist in the gene pool for quite a while, even if the disorder is 100% lethal.^{[medical citation needed]}

Outbreeding

Most modern societies have laws regarding incest,^[1] with avoiding the genetic disorders caused by inbreeding as one of the major motivations.^[2]

Both social acceptance and legality of first-cousin marriage is mixed. Some jurisdictions narrowly tailor their laws to preventing inbreeding: in Maine,^[3] first cousins can marry with proof of genetic counseling, while in Arizona^[4] and several other states, first cousins can marry if they are old or infertile.^[5]

Carrier testing

Carrier testing can help guide the decisions of couples who are at high risk, e.g.:

Both of Jewish descent – Several disorders including Tay–Sachs disease. The organization Dor Yeshorim offers testing in many countries.^{[citation needed]}
Both Cypriot – Thalassemia. Testing is fully subsidized and mandated in both jurisdictions on Cyprus.^[6]^{[failed verification]}
Both Maldivian – Thalassemia. Testing is fully subsidized and mandated in the Maldives.^[7]
Both from affected parts of Africa – Sickle-cell disease. Carrier testing is not widely available in many African countries^[8] and disease burden remains high.

Couples who learn that they are both carriers may decide to part ways, adopt, or use preimplantation genetic diagnosis to select unaffected embryos.^{[citation needed]}

Relation to eugenics

When a population is in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, the proportions of each genotype are directly determined by allele frequency as shown in this chart. Mate choice is one of the ways to move a population out of equilibrium, allowing genotype frequency to change even if the underlying allele frequencies remain constant.

These practices are not designed to change allele frequencies and therefore have little impact on future generations beyond the first. As a result, these practices are generally not considered to be a form of eugenics, despite overlapping goals.^[9]

References

^ Bittles, Alan Holland (2012). Consanguinity in Context. Cambridge University Press. pp. 178–187. ISBN 978-0521781862. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
^ Wolf, Arthur P.; Durham, William H. (2004). Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo: The State of Knowledge at the Turn of the Century. Stanford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8047-5141-4.
^ "Title 19-A, §701: Prohibited marriages; exceptions".
^ https://codes.findlaw.com/az/title-25-marital-and-domestic-relations/az-rev-st-sect-25-101/
^ Frommer, Rachel (2021). "The Unconstitutionality of State Bans on Marriage Between First Cousins". Cardozo Law Review de Novo.
^ Cowan: "The last of my substantive chapters concentrates on the only two mandated premarital genetic screening programs in the world: both of them on the island of Cyprus, both of them focused on the recessive gene that, when it is doubled, causes b-thalassemia."
^ Waheed, Fazeela; Fisher, Colleen; Awofeso, AwoNiyi; Stanley, David (July 2016). "Carrier screening for beta-thalassemia in the Maldives: perceptions of parents of affected children who did not take part in screening and its consequences". Journal of Community Genetics. 7 (3): 243–253. doi:10.1007/s12687-016-0273-5. PMC 4960032. PMID 27393346.
^ Aneke, JohnC; Okocha, ChideE (2016). "Sickle cell disease genetic counseling and testing: A review". Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences. 4 (1): 50. doi:10.4103/2321-4848.183342.
^ Cowan, Ruth Schwartz (15 February 2009). "Moving up the slippery slope: Mandated genetic screening on Cyprus". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics. 151C (1): 95–103. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30202. PMID 19170092.

[Bittles-1] Bittles, Alan Holland (2012). Consanguinity in Context. Cambridge University Press. pp. 178–187. ISBN 978-0521781862. Retrieved 27 August 2013.

[2] Wolf, Arthur P.; Durham, William H. (2004). Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo: The State of Knowledge at the Turn of the Century. Stanford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8047-5141-4.

[3] "Title 19-A, §701: Prohibited marriages; exceptions".

[4] ttps://codes.findlaw.com/az/title-25-marital-and-domestic-relations/az-rev-st-sect-25-101/

[5] Frommer, Rachel (2021). "The Unconstitutionality of State Bans on Marriage Between First Cousins". Cardozo Law Review de Novo.

[6] Cowan: "The last of my substantive chapters concentrates on the only two mandated premarital genetic screening programs in the world: both of them on the island of Cyprus, both of them focused on the recessive gene that, when it is doubled, causes b-thalassemia."

[7] Waheed, Fazeela; Fisher, Colleen; Awofeso, AwoNiyi; Stanley, David (July 2016). "Carrier screening for beta-thalassemia in the Maldives: perceptions of parents of affected children who did not take part in screening and its consequences". Journal of Community Genetics. 7 (3): 243–253. doi:10.1007/s12687-016-0273-5. PMC 4960032. PMID 27393346.

[8] Aneke, JohnC; Okocha, ChideE (2016). "Sickle cell disease genetic counseling and testing: A review". Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences. 4 (1): 50. doi:10.4103/2321-4848.183342.

[Cowan_2009-9] Cowan, Ruth Schwartz (15 February 2009). "Moving up the slippery slope: Mandated genetic screening on Cyprus". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics. 151C (1): 95–103. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30202. PMID 19170092.

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