Wikipedia

Port of Goole

The Port of Goole (also known as Goole Docks and The Port in Green Fields), is a maritime port at the mouth of the Aire and Calder Navigation where it feeds into the River Ouse, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The port opened in 1826, when the Aire and Calder Navigation was completed, connecting to the River Ouse at what is now the town of Goole. The port is one of the Humber Ports, associated with the waterway of the Humber Estuary and its tributaries, and is known to be Britain's largest inland port, being some 50 miles (80 km) from the open sea. It has good road and rail transport links, and deals with about £800 million worth of trade each year.

Port of Goole
Large ships on calm water with an old coal tippler crane on the dockside
South Dock, Goole
Map
Location
CountryEngland
LocationGoole, East Riding of Yorkshire
Coordinates53°41′53″N 0°52′26″W / 53.698°N 0.874°W / 53.698; -0.874 [1]
GB GridrefSE742231
UN/LOCODEGB GOO[2]
Details
Opened1826
Owned byAssociated British Ports
Type of harbourCanal
Size40.4 hectares (100 acres)[3]
Draft depth5.5 metres (18 ft)[4]
Statistics
Annual cargo tonnage1,228,000 tonnes (1,354,000 tons) (2021)
Website
Official website

Originally the port was in the West Riding of Yorkshire, but was transferred to Humberside in 1974, then it was moved into the East Riding of Yorkshire in 1996.

History

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Port of Goole on a target dossier of the German Luftwaffe, 1940

Whilst the location of Goole as a settlement has been around since Anglo-Saxon times,[5] the land surrounding the area of Goole was marshy, and only drained when King Charles I granted Cornelius Vermuyden the right to drain the land and divert the River Don into the Ouse, rather than the Trent.[6] The River Don had hitherto drained eastwards directly into the Trent at Adlingfleet.[7] Prior to the diversion of the River Don (which became known as the Dutch River), and the opening of the Aire and Calder Navigation, Goole itself was a tiny hamlet, on the south bank of the River Ouse.[8] In 1821, five years before the port was opened, the population of Goole was listed as 450; by 1831, it had increased threefold to 1,671. By 1901, the town had grown to 4,549 residents.[9] The port was completed and opened in July 1826, but Goole itself was not recognised legally as a port town until 1828.[10] However, the effect of the township's creation led to it being a point of reference locally. When land was advertised for sale in local newspapers, hamlets in the area were always advertised as being "near Howden..", this changed to being "near Goole."[11]

The proprietors of the canal sought to exploit the increasing coal trade which was being mined further inland in the West Riding of Yorkshire.[12] Prior to the opening of the Aire and Calder Navigation, Selby was the port of transhipment for coal from the West Riding, but by 1828, Goole had supplanted Selby as the exporting hub in the region.[13] In addition to the coal trade, Goole was not only further downriver, but the section of the Ouse between Selby and Goole was beset by several meanders (what Baron Duckham labelled as a "torturous voyage"), which made it harder for larger shipping to navigate.[14] The proprietors of Goole docks were keen to achieve foreign trade status, a desired marque awarded by the Board of Customs. Initially, the comptroller was resistant to this, however, the board was suitably impressed enough by the dock operation to grant the award, much to the consternation of those operating Hull docks.[15] By 1840 Goole was exporting 100,000 tonnes (110,000 tons) of coal each year; four times the amount being shipped out of Hull docks.[16]

Trade through the port suffered during the First World War, the Depression and the Second World War.[17] The reorganisation of the British Ports, a UK government white paper, took effect on 1 January 1963, and Goole became one of 19 ports operated by the British Transport Docks Board across Great Britain.[note 1][18][19] Up until 1974, the port was in the West Riding of Yorkshire, but it was moved into the new county of Humberside.[20] This itself was abolished in 1996, and Goole was moved into the East Riding of Yorkshire.[21]

In 1983, the British Transport Docks Board was wound-up, with all assets being privatised, Goole Docks was acquired by Associated British Ports (ABP).[22] The port was granted Freeport status in 2021, along with the other Humber ports of Grimsby, Hull and Immingham.[23]

Geography

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The port is connected at the west end to the Aire and Calder Navigation, with the Dutch River (the new course of the River Don) immediately to the south of the canal, and they run alongside each other to the west for 6 miles (9.7 km).[24] Initially, the port only had two locks; Barge Lock (3 acres (1.2 ha)) controlled entry into the River Ouse, and Ship Lock (2.75 acres (1.11 ha)) was a little further north, connected to the canal end of Barge Dock.[25][26] Despite the small size of both locks, they could hold about 60 ships and 200 barges, and the nascent port was known to be quite efficient at the transshipment of goods.[27] A timber pond was built on the western approach to the dock on the Aire and Calder Navigation, but this was later developed into South Dock.[28] In 1838, the port was expanded by the addition of Ouse Dock (which still exists) and was noted for is width of 58 feet (18 m), built to accommodate paddle steamers.[29] In 1845, the Wakefield, Pontefract and Goole Railway, lodged an application to Parliament to build a railway to the docks at Goole, something which the dock proprietors initially resisted, however, the railway was completed in 1848.[30]

In the early days of the port's development, it was called The Port in Green Fields, due to its rural location surrounded by fields. The name was later attributed to Lord Baden-Powell.[31] Between 1826 and 1974, the port was in the West Riding of Yorkshire (the River Ouse being the boundary between the West and East Ridings at that location), making Goole one of only two seaports in the West Riding of Yorkshire (the other being Selby).[32] From 1974 until 1996, the area was administered as part of Humberside's County Council area.[33][34]

The modern-day port has the A161 link road running through it, which crosses the canal on a swing bridge built in 1899,[35] and over the Dutch River on a swing bridge also.[36] The A161 connects to the M62 motorway on the west side of Goole.[37] Railfreight serves the port in the form of steel exports from Scunthorpe and Rotherham.[38] The port, known to be the largest inland port in Britain, lies some 50 miles (80 km) from the sea via the Humber Estuary.[39] The present day docks handle trade worth around £800 million each year.[40]

The port has suffered from its lack of deep-water access, in the face of increasing ship sizes. In 2010, it lost a contract with TransAtlantic UK for a thrice-weekly sailing to Sweden which regularly carried 400,000 tonnes (440,000 tons) per annum. The owners of Goole, ABP, retained the contract, but it was moved to the new 10-acre (4 ha) terminal at Hull King George Dock. This also involved moving two of the mobile cranes from Aldam Dock to Hull King George Dock by barge, with reputedly only a 9.8-foot (3 m) clearance underneath Humber Bridge.[41]

Statistics

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The list below, shows the tonnages either unloaded, loaded, or both unloaded and loaded goods in the Port of Goole. Statistics are given in five year intervals, until 2015, when they are displayed yearly.

Tonnages at the Port of Goole 1890 – 2021[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]

  • 1890 – 543,313 tonnes (598,900 tons)
  • 1895 – 748,363 tonnes (824,929 tons)
  • 1900 – N/A
  • 1905 – 536,000 tonnes (591,000 tons)
  • 1910 – 766,000 tonnes (844,000 tons)
  • 1915 – 778,161 tonnes (857,776 tons)
  • 1920 – 449,665 tonnes (495,671 tons)
  • 1925 – 2,684,570 tonnes (2,959,230 tons)
  • 1930 – 3,258,202 tonnes (3,591,553 tons)
  • 1935 – N/A
  • 1940 – N/A[note 2]
  • 1945 – 840,000 tonnes (930,000 tons)[note 3]
  • 1950 – 1,882,406 tonnes (2,074,997 tons)
  • 1955 – 1,997,255 tonnes (2,201,597 tons)
  • 1960 – 2,429,262 tonnes (2,677,803 tons)
  • 1965 – 2,166,000 tonnes (2,388,000 tons)
  • 1970 – 2,227,000 tonnes (2,455,000 tons)
  • 1975 – 1,775,000 tonnes (1,957,000 tons)
  • 1980 – 1,448,000 tonnes (1,596,000 tons)
  • 1985 – 1,404,000 tonnes (1,548,000 tons)
  • 1990 – 1,739,000 tonnes (1,917,000 tons)
  • 1995 – 2,304,000 tonnes (2,540,000 tons)
  • 2000 – 2,711,000 tonnes (2,988,000 tons)
  • 2005 – 2,623,000 tonnes (2,891,000 tons)
  • 2010 – 1,936,000 tonnes (2,134,000 tons)
  • 2015 – 1,327,000 tonnes (1,463,000 tons)
  • 2016 – 1,379,000 tonnes (1,520,000 tons)
  • 2017 – 1,440,000 tonnes (1,590,000 tons)
  • 2018 – 1,460,000 tonnes (1,610,000 tons)
  • 2019 – 1,242,000 tonnes (1,369,000 tons)
  • 2020 – 1,044,000 tonnes (1,151,000 tons)
  • 2021 – 1,228,000 tonnes (1,354,000 tons)

A sample of the goods loaded and unloaded from 1964 and 1965 shows that the biggest imports were chemicals and chemical fertilisers, with coal being the biggest export from Goole.[note 4][50] Between 1971 and the late 1980s, Goole was an import point for Renault cars. One of the benefits of using Goole for offloading vehicles was its ability to maintain a constant water level, being fed by the Aire and Calder Navigation. This avoided the need for expensive linkspans connecting the shipping vessels with the dockside. However, as mentioned elsewhere, the lack of access for bigger ships killed off this trade.[51] A survey in 1996 detailed that 60% of trade arrived at, or left Goole by road, 35% by water, and only 5% by rail.[52]

Coal export

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Tom Pudding train at Goole 1882

Coal was exported through Goole docks from the coalfields of West and South Yorkshire until 1986. The system used was a powered tug with several small coal barges pulled behind, with the coal-carrying barges being known as Tom Puddings. Each barge typically held between 35 tonnes (39 tons) and 40 tonnes (44 tons) of coal, and the trips were organised with up to 19 barges in the consist.[53][54] This system had been developed by W. H. Bartholomew in an effort to stop the coal trade being monopolised by the railways, with the first hoist being opened in the late 1860s.[55] Exports reached in peak in 1953, when over 2,448,000 tonnes (2,698,000 tons) of coal was exported, accounting for 94% of the tonnage through Goole docks.[56] In 1976, between 230,000 tonnes (250,000 tons) and 250,000 tonnes (280,000 tons) of coal were exported through the docks via inland water transport on the Tom Pudding barges.[57]

The coal trade brought in by Tom Pudding barges ceased in 1986.[58]

Coal was also exported by rail, usually from Stanhope dock.[59]

Containerisation

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The docks at Goole branched out into handling containers, most usually on short-sea services to other parts of the UK or Northern Europe. Containers were handled at Aldam Dock, and in 1984, £500,000 was spent on a new container facility.[60][61] The peak year for the trans-shipment of containers came in 2001, when over 128,000 TEUs were handled at the dock. Since then, volumes have dropped, a decline attributed to larger ships for the container transport lines, which cannot access the port at Goole.[62][63] A study in 2011, identified that of the Humber Ports (Goole, Grismby, Hull and Immingham), Goole only handled around 15% of the container trade, roughly 67,500 TEUs, although by 2012, it was only handling a 1,000 TEUs on average per year.[64][62]

Steamships

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A liner service using steam ships was established at Goole in 1864 as the Goole Steam Shipping Company. This venture was backed by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (successors to the Wakefield, Pontefract and Goole Railway who built the first railway into Goole), and the owners of the Aire and Calder Navigation.[65] In 1905, the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, initiated a steamship service between Goole docks and the continent.[32] With the grouping of the railways, between 1923 and 1948, these continued as part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, and then, after 1948, British Railways.[17] In the 1950s, the steamships carried on being sponsored by the British Transport Commission, but operated by AHL (Associated Humber Lines). These sailings ceased in 1968 in the face of stiff competition from ro-ro ferries from elsewhere on the estuary.[66]

Docks

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Goole Port diagram

The modern day port consists of eight docks and two dry docks. Boats can enter from the north-east via Victoria Lock and Ouse Lock, or via the south-east via Ocean Lock.[67] The port has a complement of 20 berths with a maximum draft of 5.5 metres (18 ft). The length of vessels entering the dock cannot exceed 100 metres (330 ft).[68] The draft is constant and not affected by the tides as water is supplied from the Aire and Calder Canal.[69][70] Because the port was not planned as one system but constructed over a period of several decades, the layout makes ship movement difficult: a ship bound for the West Dock needs to make two ninety-degree turns if it enters through the Ouse Dock, or three if via the Ocean Lock. The acreage and opening dates of each dock are listed below:[71][72]

  • Aldam Dock – 2.5 acres (1 ha), 1882
  • Barge Dock – 3.75 acres (1.52 ha), 20 July 1826
  • Ouse Dock – 5 acres (2 ha), 1838
  • Railway Dock – 4.5 acres (1.8 ha), 1846
  • Ship Dock – 3.5 acres (1.4 ha), 20 July 1826
  • South Dock – 5.5 acres (2.2 ha), 1910
  • Stanhope Dock – 3.75 acres (1.52 ha), 1891
  • West Dock – 7 acres (2.8 ha), 1912

The total length of quaysides is three miles (4.8 km).[73] Additionally, storage space on the dock, both in warehouses and open storage, covers in excess of 480,000 square feet (45,000 m2).[74] The port has two dry docks, no. 1 being on the eastern side of the Ouse Dock and no. 2 being on the southern side of the South Dock. It historically had three, but No. 3 dry dock, which lay on the northern side of the Barge Dock, has been infilled and covered with warehousing. A proposed Central Dock, between the West and South Docks and reached from the latter, was never built.[75][76]

Listed buildings

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Salt and Pepper, Goole

Several buildings within the dock estate are listed with Historic England, most because of their association with the transportation of coal.

  • Boat Hoist on South Side of South Dock[77]
  • Brick Water Tower.[78] This was built in 1885 to hold 30,000 imperial gallons (140,000 L; 36,000 US gal). The replacement tower, which can hold 750,000 imperial gallons (3,400,000 L; 900,000 US gal), was built in 1927.[79] These two adjacent structures are prominent on the skyline, and are known locally as the "Salt and Pepper Pot".[80][81]
  • Coal Wagon Hoist, Adjoining Railway Approach and Control Boxes - a hoist to transfer coal from railway wagons into ships.[82]
  • Dry Dock to South of Ouse Lock[83]
  • Hydraulic Accumulator Tower Approximately 20 Metres East of South Dock Basin[84]
  • Victoria Lock and Ouse Lock[85]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The other 18 were; Ayr, Barrow, Barry, Cardiff, Fleetwood, Garston, Grimsby, Hull, Immingham, King's Lynn, Lowestoft, Newport, Plymouth (Millbay), Port Talbot, Silloth, Southampton, Swansea, and Troon
  2. ^ Trade through the port was curtailed because of the Second World War.[46]
  3. ^ Trade through the port was curtailed because of the Second World War.[46]
  4. ^ In fact, coal exports accounted for 90.25% of exports from Goole (1,528,961 tonnes (1,685,391 tons)) in comparison to all other commodities added together (165,727 tonnes (182,683 tons)).

References

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  1. ^ "Port of Goole, East Riding of Yorkshire". getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  2. ^ "Codes for Trade | UNECE". unece.org. Retrieved 14 August 2022. Download latest UN LOCODE list
  3. ^ "Port of Goole" (PDF). meridian-ltd.net. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  4. ^ "Ports.org.uk / Goole". ports.org.uk. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  5. ^ Mitchinson, James, ed. (6 December 2022). "Lost images of days gone by – in the port that's 50 miles from the sea". The Yorkshire Post. p. 9. ISSN 0963-1496.
  6. ^ Oates, Lucy (8 November 2020). "Goole, the 'port in green fields' once at centre of Yorkshire coalfields industry and a town on the up". The Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  7. ^ Reeve, Elizabeth (2015). River Don. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. p. 93. ISBN 9781445638683.
  8. ^ Fell 2016, p. 13.
  9. ^ Page, William, ed. (1907). The Victoria history of the county of York. vol 3. London: Constable & Co. p. 534. OCLC 500092527.
  10. ^ East 1931, p. 204.
  11. ^ Porteous 1977, p. 137.
  12. ^ Duckham 1967, p. 87.
  13. ^ Pugn, R. B., ed. (1969). A history of the county of York, East Riding. London: Oxford University Press. p. 174. ISBN 0197227376.
  14. ^ Duckham 1967, pp. 88, 94.
  15. ^ Porteous 1977, p. 143.
  16. ^ East 1931, p. 208.
  17. ^ a b BTDB 1976, p. 13.
  18. ^ Finnis, S. A. (27 June 1969). "British Transport Docks Board". The Times. No. 57597. p. 24. ISSN 0140-0460.
  19. ^ BTDB 1976, p. 14.
  20. ^ Routledge, Paul (22 April 1985). "Humberside". The Times. No. 62118. p. 16. ISSN 0140-0460.
  21. ^ Stothard, Peter, ed. (1 April 1996). "Unloved counties consigned to annals of local history". The Times. No. 65542. p. 8. ISSN 0140-0460.
  22. ^ Fell 2016, p. 111.
  23. ^ Snowdon, Ros (8 March 2021). ""Freeport status is a game-changer...it is the final piece in the jigsaw." Yorkshire developer welcomes freeport news". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  24. ^ Rennison 1996, p. 166.
  25. ^ BTDB 1976, p. 3.
  26. ^ Fell 2016, p. 21.
  27. ^ Jackson 1983, p. 63.
  28. ^ Porteous 1977, p. 139.
  29. ^ BTDB 1976, p. 4.
  30. ^ Bairstow, Martin (2007). Railways in East Yorkshire. Halifax: Martin Bairstow. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-871944-32-7.
  31. ^ Groom, Brian (9 November 2009). "Goole and Goolies". The Financial Times. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  32. ^ a b Hobson, Bernard (1921). The West Riding of Yorkshire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. OCLC 1140685686.
  33. ^ Owen, Geoffrey, ed. (1 November 1982). "Building and Civil Engineering: UK Contracts – A. Monk & Company". The Financial Times. p. 12. ISSN 0307-1766.
  34. ^ Reekie, Peter (15 July 1976). "Boom time on region's south bank". The Times. No. 59756. p. 21. ISSN 0140-0460.
  35. ^ Fisher, Stuart (2017). Canals of Britain : the comprehensive guide (3 ed.). London: Bloomsbury. p. 283. ISBN 978-1-4729-2972-3.
  36. ^ Rennison 1996, p. 167.
  37. ^ East Riding and Northern Lincolnshire. London: George Philip. 2001. p. 149. ISBN 9780540081455.
  38. ^ Shannon, Paul (4 July 2018). "Railfreight and the English Seaports". Rail. No. 856. Peterborough: Bauer Media. p. 65. ISSN 0953-4563.
  39. ^ "The Port Of Goole". The Times. No. 44314. 3 July 1926. p. 11. ISSN 0140-0460.
  40. ^ "Associated British Ports | Goole". www.abports.co.uk. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  41. ^ Fell 2016, p. 115.
  42. ^ [Report 1896 by Hull and Goole (England). Port Health Authority] at the Internet Archive
  43. ^ Fell 2016, p. 46.
  44. ^ Jackson 1983, p. 139.
  45. ^ "Port and domestic waterborne freight statistics: data tables (PORT)" (ods). gov.uk. July 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022. Scroll down to "All port traffic totals: major and minor – PORT0101: All freight tonnage traffic by port and year (filter by direction)
  46. ^ a b c Fell 2016, p. 47.
  47. ^ [Report 1950 by Hull and Goole (England) Port Health Authority] at the Internet Archive
  48. ^ [Report 1955 by Hull and Goole (England) Port Health Authority] at the Internet Archive
  49. ^ [Report 1960 by Hull and Goole (England) Port Health Authority] at the Internet Archive
  50. ^ Duckham 1967, p. 208.
  51. ^ Fell 2016, p. 107.
  52. ^ Porteous 1977, p. 210.
  53. ^ Ford, I (1991). Ports into the next century : proceedings of the conference UK ports 2000 organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers and held in Hull on 17–18 October 1990. London: Thomas Telford. p. 126. ISBN 0-7277-1619-0.
  54. ^ Rennison 1996, p. 172.
  55. ^ BTDB 1976, p. 7.
  56. ^ Porteous 1977, p. 205.
  57. ^ Hill, Peter (30 December 1976). "State boards clash over 25pc rise in port's charge for handling coal". The Times. No. 59897. p. 14. ISSN 0140-0460.
  58. ^ Pratt, Derek (2012). Urban waterways : a window on to the waterways of England's towns and cities. London: Adlard Coles Nautical. p. 46. ISBN 978-1408140277.
  59. ^ Fell 2016, p. 77.
  60. ^ Mortished, Carl (14 September 1995). "ABP to spend £65m on ports expansion". The Times. No. 65372. p. 26.
  61. ^ "Work to be done in the planner's paradise". The Times. No. 62118. p. 16. ISSN 0140-0460.
  62. ^ a b Fell 2016, p. 113.
  63. ^ Hunter & Malin 2011, p. 55.
  64. ^ Hunter & Malin 2011, p. 9.
  65. ^ Porteous 1977, p. 181.
  66. ^ Fell 2016, p. 94.
  67. ^ "Port of Goole layout" (PDF). abports.co.uk. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  68. ^ "Goole – Logistics Institute Data Observatory for the Humber". lido.hull.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 November 2022. Click on the "Port Characteristics" tab
  69. ^ Hunter & Malin 2011, p. 41.
  70. ^ "RMS Goole – RMS Ports". rms-humber.co.uk. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  71. ^ Fell 2016, p. 33.
  72. ^ Marshall 1969, pp. 201, 204, 209, 211.
  73. ^ Marshall 1969, p. 211.
  74. ^ Hunter & Malin 2011, pp. 41–42.
  75. ^ Hunter & Malin 2011, p. 2.
  76. ^ Marshall 1969, p. 212.
  77. ^ Historic England. "Boat Hoist on South Side of South Dock (Grade II*) (1083214)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  78. ^ Historic England. "Brick Water Tower (Grade II) (1083219)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  79. ^ Rennison 1996, p. 168.
  80. ^ Winn, Christopher (2010). I never knew that about Yorkshire. London: Ebury. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-09-193313-5.
  81. ^ Pevsner, Nikolaus (2003) [1959]. Yorkshire The West Riding (2 ed.). London: Yale University Press. p. 223. ISBN 0-300-09662-3.
  82. ^ Historic England. "Coal Wagon Hoist, Adjoining Railway Approach and Control Boxes (Grade II) (1160288)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  83. ^ Historic England. "Dry Dock to South of Ouse Lock (Grade II) (1160252)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  84. ^ Historic England. "Hydraulic Accumulator Tower Approximately 20 Metres East of South Dock Basin (Grade II) (1310668)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  85. ^ Historic England. "Victoria Lock and Ouse Lock (Grade II) (1083212)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 26 January 2023.

Sources

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  • 150 years of the Port of Goole. Goole: British Transport Docks Board. 1976. OCLC 642487296.
  • Duckham, Baron F. (1967). The Yorkshire Ouse : the history of a river navigation. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. OCLC 5352125.
  • East, W. G. (May 1931). "The Port of Kingston-upon-Hull during the Industrial Revolution". Economica (32). London: The London School of Economics and Political Science: 190–212. doi:10.2307/2547923. ISSN 0013-0427. JSTOR 2547923.
  • Fell, Mike G. (2016). An illustrated history of the Port of Goole and its railways. Clophill, Bedfordshire: Irwell Press. ISBN 978-1-906919-82-5.
  • Hunter, D.; Malin, P. (June 2011). "Humber Container Port Development Study" (PDF). lido.hull.ac.uk. North Lincolnshire Council. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  • Jackson, Gordon (1983). The history and archaeology of ports. Tadworth: World's Work. ISBN 0437075397.
  • Marshall, John (1969). The Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway, volume 1. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-4352-1.
  • Porteous, J. Douglas (1977). Canal ports : the urban achievement of the Canal Age. London: Academic Press. ISBN 0125619502.
  • Rennison, R. W. (1996) [1981]. Civil Engineering Heritage Northern England (2 ed.). London: Thomas Telford Publishing. ISBN 07277-2518-1.
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