Pnictogen hydrides or hydrogen pnictides are binary compounds of hydrogen with pnictogen (/ˈpnɪktəən/ or /ˈnɪktəən/; from Ancient Greek: πνῑ́γω "to choke" and -gen, "generator") atoms (elements of group 15: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and moscovium) covalently bonded to hydrogen.

Ammonia, phosphine, and arsine, three simple pnictogen hydrides

Pnictogen trihydrides

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The simplest series has the chemical formula XH3 (less commonly H3X), with X representing any of the pnictogens. They take on the pyramidal structure (as opposed to the trigonal planar arrangement of the group 13 hydrides), and therefore are polar. These pnictogen trihydrides are generally increasingly unstable and poisonous with heavier elements.

Compound names Chemical formula Geometry Space-filling model
nitrogen hydride
hydrogen nitride
ammonia
(azane)
NH3    
phosphorus hydride
hydrogen phosphide
phosphine
(phosphane)
PH3    
arsenic hydride
hydrogen arsenide
arsine
(arsane)
AsH3    
antimony hydride
hydrogen antimonide
stibine
(stibane)
SbH3    
bismuth hydride
hydrogen bismuthide
bismuthine
(bismuthane)
BiH3    
moscovium hydride
hydrogen moscovide
moscovine
(moscovane)
McH3

Some properties of the pnictogen trihydrides follow:[1]

Property NH3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 BiH3
Melting point (°C) −77.8 −133.5 −116.3 −88 ?
Boiling point (°C) −34.5 −87.5 −62.4 −18.4 16.8 (extrapolated)
Liquid density (g/cm3) 0.683 (−34 °C) 0.746 (−90 °C) 1.640 (−64 °C) 2.204 (−18 °C) ?
ΔH°
f
/kJ mol−1
−46.1 +5[2] +66.4 +145.1 +277.8
Distance (X–H)/pm 101.7 141.9 151.9 170.7 177.59
Angle H–X–H 107.8° 93.6° 91.8° 91.3° 90.48°

These gases have no smell in pure form, instead gaining it when in contact with air. Ammonia has an infamous, intense odour resembling urine and/or fish, commonly the result of the decomposition of urea. Phosphine smells like fish or garlic, and stibine like rotten eggs, similar to hydrogen sulfide and selenide.

Dipnictogen tetrahydrides

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Dipnictogen tetrahydrides have the chemical formula X2H4. These are generally less stable than the trihydrides, commonly decomposing to the trihydride and the pnictogen involved.

Compound names Chemical formula Geometry Space-filling model
dinitrogen hydride
hydrazine
(diazane)
N2H4    
diphosphorus hydride
diphosphine
(diphosphane)
P2H4    
diarsenic hydride[1]
diarsine
(diarsane)
As2H4    

Higher derivatives

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Polyphosphanes exist with the formula PnHn+2 (n = 1–9). Linear and branch isomers of P4H6 have been detected. Other cyclic and condensed polyphosphane series are known, from PnHn to PnHn−18, amounting to 85 known phosphanes in 1997.[3]

Properties

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Noncyclic hydrogen pnictides follow the formula XnHn+2.

Insoluble in water but soluble in organic liquids (as well as carbon disulfide and trichloroacetic acid), phosphine is a reducing agent.[3]

Models of phosphanes of lengths 3 and 4

Ammonia is produced industrially on the largest scale among all compounds. Like water, hydrogen bonding results in a high melting and boiling point compared to the other pnictogen hydrides, although 26% is lost on melting, another 7% as the liquid is heated to boiling, and the remaining 67% upon boiling. Other effects of hydrogen bonding are a high dielectric constant as well as low values of density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity. Like water, it is an excellent and often-used ionising solvent.[4] Over twenty other hydrides of nitrogen are known, the most important being hydrazine (N2H4) and hydrogen azide (HN3). Hydrazine has physical properties that are remarkably similar to those of water: its melting and boiling points are 2.0 °C and 113.5 °C, the density of the solid at −5 °C is 1.146 g/cm3, while that of the liquid at 25 °C is 1.00 g/cm3.[5] The azanes are a series which include ammonia, hydrazine and triazane.

Phosphine, a toxic, colourless gas, is the most stable phosphorus hydride

Arsine, stibine, and bismuthine are highly toxic, thermally unstable, and colourless gases. No appreciable hydrogen bonding is found in phosphine, arsine, stibine or bismuthine, and there is no appreciable tendency to dissociate like ammonia to MH+
4
and MH
2
(M = P, As, Sb, Bi). The pnictogen hydrides become denser down the group and the M–H bond lengths increase, while the H–M–H bond angle decreases slightly. The standard enthalpies of formation reflect the increasing thermal instability going down the group. Arsine decomposes to arsenic and hydrogen at 250–300 °C, stibine to antimony and hydrogen at room temperature, and bismuthine to bismuth and hydrogen above −45 °C. Arsine and stibine are very easily oxidised to arsenic or antimony trioxide and water; a similar reaction happens with sulfur or selenium. Reaction with metals at elevated temperatures leads to arsenides and antimonides. A few lower hydrides are known, such as As2H4, but they are even more unstable and their properties are unknown.[1]

Imidogen, a radical composed of one hydrogen atom and one nitrogen atom (NH), can be classed as a pnictogen hydride.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 557–8
  2. ^ Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles (6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p. A22. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
  3. ^ a b Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 492–3
  4. ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 420–4
  5. ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 426–7

Bibliography

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