Plantago raoulii (also known as kopakopa or tūkōrehu in te reo Māori) is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Joseph Decaisne described P. raoulii in 1852. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, leaves widest above the middle, usually 5 seeds in a specific arrangement in each capsule, and bracts with mostly glabrous edges. It is listed as Not Threatened.
| Plantago raoulii | |
|---|---|
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| Plantago raoulii with fruiting capsules observed on the Otago Peninsula, South Island New Zealand | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Plantaginaceae |
| Genus: | Plantago |
| Species: | P. raoulii
|
| Binomial name | |
| Plantago raoulii | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Plantago dasyphylla Colenso[2] | |
Taxonomy edit
Plantago raoulii Decne. is in the plant family Plantaginaceae.[3][4] French botanist Joseph Decaisne described P. raoulii in 1852.[5][1] It is known in te reo Māori as kopakopa or tūkōrehu.[4]
The type material was collected by Édouard Fiacre Louison Raoul on Banks Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand in 1843.[5][1] The holotype and an isotype are housed at the Paris Herbarium.[5]
Plantago raoulii is morphologically most similar to P. spathulata, P. picta and P. udicola.[5]
P. raoulii can be distinguished from these and other New Zealand Plantago species by having usually 5 seeds in a certain arrangement inside the capsule. Four of the seeds are vertically oriented, and of these, one pair is short and the other pair is long. The fifth seed is horizontally oriented and in a special compartment above the two shorter seeds.[5]
P. raoulii can be further distinguished from P. udicola by the bract hairs (glabrous or few hairs hairs on apex only vs. sparsely ciliate), shorter calyx (1.6–2.4 mm vs 2.3–3.5 mm) and smaller corolla lobes (0.6–1.2 mm long by 0.3–0.7 mm wide vs.1.2–2.9 mm long by 0.6–1.3 mm wide).[5]
It can be distinguished from P. spathulata and P. picta by sepal margins (glabrous or with a few hairs at apex only vs. sparsely ciliate), bract apex (obtuse or acute vs. acute) and scape hair type.[5]
Description edit
Plantago raoulii plants are small rosettes with a primary root up to 17 mm thick, with up to 21 usually narrowly angular-obovate, angular-obovate, linear or narrowly rhombic leaves, and with visible, short (<11 mm long), rust-coloured leaf axillary hairs in the basal rosette. The leaves have 1–3 (or sometimes 5) veins, are 21–270 mm long (including petiole) and up to 27 mm wide, not punctate, usually sparsely hairy on the upper surface, and usually sparely or densely hairy on the lower surface. The leaf usually has an acute apex, and its edges are smooth or wavy or with up to 14 minute to medium-sized teeth, and usually sparsely hairy near the teeth. The petiole is usually distinguishable from the leaf lamina, and up to 167 mm long. Each rosette plant has up to 20 erect inflorescences which can be up to 386 mm long. The scapes are smooth and sparsely to densely hairy. The spikes are usually linear-ovoid with 5–32 densely crowded flowers. Each flower has 1 small bract that is ovate, broadly ovate or very broadly ovate and glabrous except for isolated hairs near the apex and sometimes on the midrib. The calyx is 1.5–2.4 mm long, 1.1–2.7 mm wide, with isolated hairs at the apex, otherwise glabrous. The corolla tube is 1.3–2.2 mm long, corolla lobes 0.6–1.2 mm long, stamen filaments 0.7–2.5 mm long, anthers 0.5–1.0 mm long, and style 1.1–3.6 mm long and densely hairy. The ovary is 0.8–2.0 mm long, with 4–6 ovules. The fruit is a dry, dehiscent capsule with circumsessile dehiscence, ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid, rhomboid, broadly rhomboid, ovoid or angular-ovoid, widest at or below middle, 1.8–4.3 mm long and 1.1–2.7 mm wide. Each capsule has 4–6 rust, brown or dark brown seeds 0.6–2.2 mm long and 0.4–1.0 mm wide, of two or three size classes, ellipsoid or broadly ellipsoid and rounded(2–4 seeds) or rhomboid, angular-ovoid or broadly angular-ovoid and angular (top seed and sometimes 2 others).[5]
Plantago raoulii flowers from November to March and fruits from about September to May.[5]
The chromosome number of Plantago raoulii is 2n=48.[6][7][8]
Distribution and habitat edit
Plantago raoulii is a plantain that is endemic to the North and South Islands of New Zealand.[5] It is widespread throughout New Zealand and can be locally common.[5]
In the North Island P. raoulii is found in the Northland, Auckland (including Inner and Outer Gulf Islands), Volcanic Plateau, Gisborne, Taranaki and Southern North Island regions. In the South Island it is found in the Western Nelson, Sounds Nelson, Marlborough, Westland, Canterbury, Fiordland, Otago, Southland and Fiordland regions.[5]
It is also found on several other islands of the New Zealand archipelago including Manawatāwhi Three Kings Islands, Rakiura Stewart Island and Rēkohu Chatham Islands (including Rēkohu Chatham Island, Rangiaotea Pitt Island and Hokorereoro South East Island).[5]
P. raoulii grows in herbfields, turf, grasslands and forest on rocky, coastal, dry or wet areas, on multiple substrates such as limestone, mudstone, clay, sand, gravel or silt, from 0–1280 m above sea level.[5]
Phylogeny edit
In phylogenetic analyses of Australasian species of Plantago using standard DNA sequencing markers (nuclear ribosomal DNA, chloroplast DNA, and mitochondrial DNA regions)[9][10] and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs),[11] Plantago raoulii was moderately to strongly supported as being closely related to the mainland New Zealand species P. spathulata, P. picta and P. udicola.[9][11]
Similarly, the sole individual of P. raoulii was closely related to individuals of P. udicola, P. spathulata and P. picta in another phylogenetic study focusing on Plantago species throughout the world using whole chloroplast genomes.[12] Finally, the species was not included in another phylogenetic studies focusing on oceanic island Plantago species using standard DNA sequencing markers.[13]
Conservation status edit
Plantago raoulii is listed as Not Threatened in the most recent assessment (2017–2018) of the New Zealand Threatened Classification for plants.[14]
References edit
- ^ a b c Decaisne, Joseph (1852). "Plantaginaceae". In de Candolle, A. (ed.). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive, Enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarium, juxta methodi naturalis, normas digesta. Vol. 13, pt.1. Paris. p. 703.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Colenso, William (1891). "Art. XXXV. A description of some newly discovered phaenogamic plants, being a further contribution towards the making-known the botany of New Zealand". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 22: 459–493.
- ^ "Plantago raoulii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | Plantago raoulii". www.nzflora.info. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Meudt, Heidi (2012). "A taxonomic revision of native New Zealand Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 50 (2): 101–178. Bibcode:2012NZJB...50..101M. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2012.671179.
- ^ Groves, B. E.; Hair, J. B. (1971). "Contributions to a Chromosome Atlas of the New Zealand Flora—15 Miscellaneous Families". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 9 (4): 569–575. Bibcode:1971NZJB....9..569G. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1971.10430222.
- ^ Rattenbury, J. A. (1 January 1956). "Chromosome Numbers in New Zealand Angiosperms". Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 84: 936–938.
- ^ Murray, B. G.; Meudt, Heidi; Tay, Mei Lin; Garnock-Jones, Philip John (1 September 2010). "New chromosome counts in New Zealand species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 48 (3–4): 197–204. Bibcode:2010NZJB...48..197M. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2010.515598.
- ^ a b Tay, Mei Lin; Meudt, Heidi; Garnock-Jones, Philip John; Ritchie, Peter (1 January 2010). "DNA sequences from three genomes reveal multiple long-distance dispersals and non-monophyly of sections in Australasian Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 23 (1): 47. doi:10.1071/SB09040.
- ^ Tay, Mei Lin; Meudt, Heidi; Garnock-Jones, Philip John; Ritchie, Peter (2010). "Testing species limits of New Zealand Plantago (Plantaginaceae) using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequences". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 48 (3–4): 205–224. Bibcode:2010NZJB...48..205T. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2010.518318.
- ^ a b Meudt, Heidi (1 February 2011). "Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Data Reveal a History of Auto- and Allopolyploidy in New Zealand Endemic Species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae): New Perspectives on a Taxonomically Challenging Group". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 172 (2): 220–237. doi:10.1086/657657.
- ^ Hassemer, Gustavo; Bruun-Lund, Sam; Shipunov, Aleksey Borisovich; Briggs, Barbara G.; Meudt, Heidi; Rønsted, Nina (18 May 2019). "The application of high-throughput sequencing for taxonomy: The case of Plantago subg. Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 138: 156–173. doi:10.1016/J.YMPEV.2019.05.013. PMID 31112781.
- ^ Ahlstrand, Natalie Iwanycki; Verstraete, Brecht; Hassemer, Gustavo; Dunbar-Co, S.; Hoggard, R.; Meudt, Heidi; Rønsted, Nina (15 March 2019). "Ancestral range reconstruction of remote oceanic island species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae) reveals differing scales and modes of dispersal". Journal of Biogeography. 46 (4): 706–722. Bibcode:2019JBiog..46..706I. doi:10.1111/JBI.13525. PMC 6559316. PMID 31217659.
- ^ Lange, Peter J. de; Rolfe, Jeremy R.; Barkla, John W.; Courtney, Shannel P.; Champion, Paul D.; Perrie, Leon R.; Beadel, Sarah M.; Ford, Kerry A.; Breitwieser, Ilse; Schönberger, Ines; Hindmarsh-Walls, Rowan (May 2018). "Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017" (PDF). New Zealand Threat Classification Series. 22: 1–86. OCLC 1041649797.
External links edit
Media related to Plantago raoulii at Wikimedia Commons- Plantago raoulii occurrence data from Australasian Virtual Herbarium
