The pinktail chalceus (Chalceus macrolepidotus),[1][2] also called the pinktail characin,[3][4] is a species of freshwater fish of the family Chalceidae found in South America. It is one of five fish in the genus Chalceus, and is the type species of the genus.
| Pinktail chalceus | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Characiformes |
| Family: | Chalceidae |
| Genus: | Chalceus |
| Species: | C. macrolepidotus
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| Binomial name | |
| Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier, 1818
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Description
editThe pinktail chalceus is a small, light-colored freshwater fish with a tail that is usually dark red to pink and is much more intensely colored than the rest of the animal. It has large, noticeable scales and reaches 24.5 cm SL, making it the largest known member of Chalceus.[2] The smallest is Chalceus epakros.[5]
Chalceus epakros, before being classified, was regularly misidentified as either the pinktail chalceus or the yellowfin chalceus (Chalceus erythrurus).[6] C. epakros and the pinktail can be told apart because the pinktail is uniform silvery in color, whereas C. epakros has a line down the middle of either side that reaches its caudal peduncle.
Etymology
editThe common name "pinktail chalceus" comes from its caudal fin, which is typically much more saturated in color than the main body.[6] The specific name macrolepidotus means "large scale" in Latin, which is considered an accurate reflection of its scale size;[7] the scales themselves are cycloid.[6] The original description gave it the common name "large-scaled chalceus".[8]
The genus name Chalceus comes from the Greek word chalkos, which means brass or copper.[2] This name was given based on the observation that the scales on the type specimen were coppery ("sometimes golden") when preserved in alcohol.[9]
Taxonomy
editUpon description by French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1818, the pinktail chalceus was placed into the new genus Chalceus.[10] By way of monotypy, it ended up as the type species therein.[11][12] Since then, several additions and retractions have occurred, as well as a redescription of the genus in the year 2004, and there are now five accepted species in total, C. macrolepidotus included.[3][6]
The original scientific name given by Cuvier has remained its accepted scientific name.[1] Synonyms include Brycon macrolepidotus, Chalceus ararapeera, Chalceus erythrurus, Pellegrina heterolepsis, and Creagrutus pellegrini.[2][7] The name Chalceus erythrurus has since been assigned to a different species in the genus altogether.[13]
The yellowfin chalceus, C. erythrurus, was briefly classified as Chalceus macrolepidotus iquitensis, a subspecies of the pinktail chalceus, by biologist Shoji Nakashima in 1941.[14]
Habitat
editThe pinktail chalceus is found in well-oxygenated (fast-flowing) waters in South America; specifically, it is found in French Guiana, Guyana, and Suriname, inhabiting the Orinoco and Negro Rivers.[2] C. epakros and the pinktail are the only two Chalceus species known to occur in Guyana.[15] It has been non-natively established in Mexico as well, though it is not considered invasive by the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species (GRIIS).[16]
Diet and behavior
editThe pinktail chalceus is a fast-moving and active fish that stays near the river's surface.[17] It tends to cluster together in schools.[18] Its diet generally consists of small invertebrates;[2] when searching for food, it may leap out of the water to target a bug above the surface.
It is notably skittish.[17] This is a trait it shares with the yellowfin chalceus.[19]
In aquaria
editThe pinktail chalceus is moderately popular in the aquarium trade, though it requires a larger aquarium than many prospective keepers have access to (55 gallons or above).[20] It has enough of a reputation for jumping out of its tank (like its behavior in the wild) that sellers regularly warn buyers about it.[21] This is more likely to happen if the pinktail is startled and does not have anyplace to take cover, such as plants or driftwood hideaways.[17]
Aquarists with adequate space to keep pinktails are advised to have a shoal larger than 6 to 8 specimens; anything lower, and squabbling is likely to happen.[7][22] Because they are a fast and active species, the tank they live in doesn't need extraneous decor, but offering cover for them to hide in may make them more relaxed.[22]
Further reading
edit- Zanata, Angela M. and Vari, Richard P. The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans-Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (2005).
References
edit- ^ a b U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Pinktail Chalceus (Chalceus macrolepidotus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary. 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Chalceus macrolepidotus". FishBase. December 2021 version.
- ^ a b "ITIS - Report: Chalceus macrolepidotus". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
- ^ "ADW: Chalceus macrolepidotus: CLASSIFICATION". animaldiversity.org. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Chalceus". FishBase. December 2021 version.
- ^ a b c d Zanata, A.M.; M. Toledo-Piza (2004). "Taxonomic revision of the South American fish genus Chalceus Cuvier (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) with the description of three new species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 140 (11): 103–135. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00090.x.
- ^ a b c "Pink-tailed Characin". Tropical Freshwater Fish. Mongabay. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
- ^ Schomburgk, Robert Hermann (1841). The Natural History of the Fishes of Guiana. Dublin: W.H. Lizars, ... S. Highley, ... London; and W. Curry, jun. and Company. p. 216. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
- ^ Scharpf, Christopher; Lazara, Kenneth J. (15 September 2020). "Order CHARACIFORMES: Families IGUANODECTIDAE, TRIPORTHEIDAE, BRYCONIDAE, CHALCEIDAE and GASTEROPELECIDAE". The ETYFish Project. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
- ^ Cuvier, Georges (1818). "Sur les Poissons du sous-genre Myletes". Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle. 4: 454. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
- ^ "Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes (Genus Chalceus)". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
- ^ Reis, Roberto; Toledo-piza Ragazzo, Monica; Harold, Antony; Pavanelli, Carla; Buckup, Paulo A. (2003). "Genera incertae sedis in Characidae". Retrieved 27 December 2021.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Chalceus erythrurus". FishBase. December 2021 version.
- ^ Nakashima, Shoji (1941). "Algunos peces del Oriente perauno" (PDF). Boletin de Museo Historia Natural "Javier Prado". 16: 62–63. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
- ^ "Chalceus, Cuvier, 1817". Plazi TreatmentBank. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
- ^ González Martínez A I, Barrios Y, De Jesús S, Wong L J, Pagad S (2020). Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species - Mexico. Version 1.5. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/08knmc accessed via GBIF.org on 2021-12-24.
- ^ a b c "Pink-tail Chalceus Species Profile". Maidenhead Aquatics. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
- ^ Bukkems, Jan. "Chalceus macrolepidotus – Pink Tailed Chalceus". Aqua-Info. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
- ^ "Chalceus erythrurus (Tucanfish)". Seriously Fish. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ "Pinktail Chalceus". LiveAquaria. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
- ^ "Pinktail Chalceus (Chalceus macrolepidotus)". Aqua-Imports. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
- ^ a b "Chalceus macrolepidotus (Pink-tailed Chalceus)". SeriouslyFish. Retrieved 29 December 2021.