The Petten High Flux Reactor (HFR) is a nuclear research reactor located in Petten, Netherlands. The HFR is on the premises of the Petten research centre and it is a high flux reactor. It is owned by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and managed by the Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group (NRG).[1] The HFR’s original purpose was to provide experience and irradiation capabilities for the nascent Dutch nuclear power program. Construction began in 1958, and the reactor reached criticality on the 9th of November, 1961.
History
editThe construction of the HFR was one of the first contracts to be fulfilled by the Nuclear Reactor Engineering Organisation (also known as Nuclear Products - ERCO), an unincorporated division of American Car & Foundry Industries Incorporated (ACF) that formed in 1954 in order to enable ACF to enter the commercial nuclear reactor sector. The contract was signed in May 1956.[2] Under the Atoms for Peace program, an export license was granted to ACF and construction began at the site in Petten in 1958. However, in 1959 ACF sold its nuclear division to Allis-Chalmers,[3] who took over the project and commissioned the reactor, reaching criticality two years behind schedule on November 9th, 1961.
Medical importance
editApart from its function as a research centre, the HFR is a large producer of radioactive material for the purpose of medical diagnosis and the treatment of cancer (radiopharmaceuticals). As of 2010[update] the nuclear facility supplied about 60% of the European demand for medical isotopes.[4][5] Also at the high flux reactor, one of the neutron beam channels, which was originally installed for performing fundamental research, has been specially modified for the direct irradiation of patients. This allows use of neutrons for the treatment of tumors after saturation of these tumors with a pharmaceutical containing boron.[6] When hit by a weak neutron beam, boron will locally emit radiation that will destroy the tumor. This technique is mainly suitable for the treatment of brain tumors.
Technology
editAs of 2006[update], only low-enriched uranium fuel was used at the facilities in Petten. As a result of political pressure from the United States and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), research reactors are no longer allowed to use highly enriched uranium fuel because of its potential use for the production of nuclear weapons.[7] The use of highly enriched uranium targets for the production of medical isotopes was discontinued in January 2018.[8]
The high flux reactor
editIts capacity was increased in steps to 45 MW (thermal) by 1970. The reactor is property of the European Commission and is operated by the Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group (NRG).[9]
As of 2024[update] the reactor is expected to remain operational until 2030, when it will be replaced at Petten by a new high flux reactor (PALLAS).
From August 2008, the reactor was shut down due to corrosion of the pipes in its primary cooling circuit. The operator brought the plant back on-line in February 2009.[10]
The low flux reactor
editThe low flux reactor was first used in 1960 and permanently shut down in 2010.[11] It had a capacity of 30 kW. The reactor was property of the Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group (NRG) and mainly used for the production of neutrons for biological and physical research.
Timeline
editIn 2009 the Argentine company INVAP (teamed with Spanish group Isolux) was pre selected in the international tender for the PALLAS project, for the procurement of an 80 MW nuclear reactor for the Dutch village of Petten,[12] but in February 2010, the Dutch radiopharmaceutical producer Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group (NRG) extended the preparatory phase up to end of the year for financing [13]
In mid-May 2014, NRG, the company that operates the reactor, asked for a bridging loan at the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, because of the financial losses in the previous years. A bankruptcy could not be ruled out, if the credit would be refused. In addition, there were negotiations with the banks, because of the estimated 80 million euros, needed for the upcoming maintenance of the 50-year-old reactor.[14][15]
See also
edit- Chalk River Laboratories, a nuclear facility in Ontario that formerly produced North America's supply of isotopes for nuclear medicine
References
edit- ^ "Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group". www.nrg.eu.
- ^ "Contract voor HFR; RCN in Petten | Kernenergie in Nederland". www.kernenergieinnederland.nl. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
- ^ "District of Columbia v. ACF Industries, Inc., 350 F.2d 795 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
- ^ "Petten reactor back after major repair". World Nuclear News. World Nuclear Association. 9 September 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
- ^ Herderschee, Roselien; Hogervorst, Marjolein (27 December 2016). "Artsen willen besluit over medische isotopen". NOS (in Dutch).
- ^ Sauerwein, Wolfgang A G; Moss, Ray L (2009). Requirements for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) at a Nuclear Research Reactor (PDF). Joint Research Centre. ISBN 978-92-79-12431-0.
- ^ NRG (8 May 2006). "HEU-LEU conversion reactor Petten completed". Archived from the original on 14 November 2006.
- ^ Dalton, David (31 January 2018). "Breakthrough As Petten Becomes First Mo-99 Production Facility In Europe To Stop Using HEU In Medical Isotope Production". NUCNET.
- ^ Joint Research Centre (2005). "High Flux Reactor (HFR) Petten - Characteristics of the Installation and the Irradiation Facilities" (PDF). European Communities.
- ^ "Restart for isotope reactor". World Nuclear News. World Nuclear Association. 13 February 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
- ^ "LFR fuel removed from Petten". World Nuclear News. 6 December 2013.
- ^ "Argentina, a un paso de venderle un reactor nuclear a Holanda". www.clarin.com. 15 August 2009.
- ^ "Home". www.healthimaging.com.
- ^ (Dutch) Nu.nl (14 May 2014) Company behind nuclear reactor Petten almost bankrupt
- ^ (Dutch) KRO brandpunt reporter (15 May 2014) nuclear reactor Petten almost bankrupt Archived 14 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine
External links
edit
Media related to Petten nuclear research centre at Wikimedia Commons- Nuclear Research and consultancy Group
- Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
