Overseas Indians (ISO: Pravāsī Bhāratīya), officially Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and People of Indian Origin (PIOs) are Indians who reside or originate outside of India.[30][31] According to the Government of India, Non-Resident Indians are citizens of India who currently are not living in India, while the term People of Indian Origin refers to people of Indian birth or ancestry who are citizens of countries other than India (with some exceptions). Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) is given to People of Indian Origin and to persons who are not People of Indian Origin but married to Indian citizen or People of Indian Origin. Persons with OCI status are known as Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs).[32] The OCI status is a permanent visa for visiting India with a foreign passport.
Pravāsī Bhāratīya | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Total population | |
c. 32,285,425 (2023 estimate)[1] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
![]() | 4,946,306 (indian ancestry and immigrants)[2] |
![]() | 3,425,144 (immigrants)[1][3] |
![]() | 1,884,476 (immigrants) (2022 census) [4] |
![]() | 2,012,600 (immigrants)[5] |
![]() | 2,009,207 (Indian ancestry)[1][6] |
![]() | 1,858,755 (Indian ancestry)[7][a] |
![]() | 1,697,506 (Indian ancestry)[8] |
![]() | 1,451,862 (Indian ancestry)[9] |
![]() | 1,375,667 (immigrants)[10] |
![]() | 1,152,175 (immigrants)[10][11] |
![]() | 1,000,000 (immigrants)[12] |
![]() | 804,500 (Indian ancestry)[1] |
![]() | 802,323 (immigrants)[13] |
![]() | 702,013 (immigrants)[10] |
![]() | 673,352 (Indian ancestry)[14] |
![]() | 426,941 (Indian ancestry)[10] |
![]() | 468,524 (Indian ancestry)[15] |
![]() | 362,274 (Indian ancestry)[16] |
![]() | 326,658 (immigrants)[1] |
![]() | 315,198 (Indian ancestry)[1] |
![]() | 299,382 (Indian ancestry)[1] |
![]() | 297,300 (Indian ancestry)[1] |
![]() | 247,000 (immigrants)[17] |
![]() | 239,193 (Indian ancestry)[18] |
![]() | 237,205 (Indian ancestry)[1] |
![]() | 162,492 (immigrants)[19] |
![]() | 127,014 (immigrants)[20] |
![]() | 125,900 (Indian ancestry)[21] |
![]() | 120,000 (Indian ancestry)[22] |
![]() | 100,000 (Indian ancestry and immigrants)[1] |
![]() | 65,486 (Indian ancestry)[23] |
![]() | 65,399 (immigrants)[24] |
![]() | 60,679 (immigrants)[25] |
![]() | 60,000 (immigrants)[1] |
![]() | 58,983 (immigrants)[26] |
![]() | 56,050 (immigrants)(55,500 are NRI; 550 are PIO)(permanent residents have Indian ancestry)[1][27] |
![]() | 58,094 (immigrants)[28] |
![]() | 46,326 (immigrants)[29] |
Languages | |
Languages of India | |
Religion | |
Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, Baháʼí, Judaism |
According to a Ministry of External Affairs report, there are 29 million NRIs and PIOs (including OCIs) residing outside India; and overseas Indians comprise the world's largest overseas diaspora.[1] Every year, 2.5 million (25 lakh) Indians migrate overseas, which is the highest annual number of migrants in the world.[33]
Legal framework
editNon-resident Indian (NRI)
editStrictly, the term Non-resident Indian refers only to the tax status of an Indian citizen who, as per section 6 of The Income-tax Act, 1961, has not resided in India for a specified period for the purposes of the Income Tax Act.[34] The rates of income tax are different for persons who are "resident in India" and for NRIs. For the purposes of the Income Tax Act, "residence in India" requires stay in India of at least 182 days in a financial year or 365 days spread out over four consecutive years and at least 60 days in that year. According to the act, any Indian citizen who does not meet the criteria as a "resident of India" is a non-resident of India and is treated as NRI for paying income tax.
Seafarers are not considered NRIs. However as they work out of India, often for more than 182 days, their income is taxed as that of NRIs while they enjoy all the other rights of a citizen.
Person of Indian Origin (PIO)
editA Person of Indian Origin (PIO)[35] means a foreign citizen (except a national of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, Iran, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and/or Nepal), who:
- previously held an Indian passport, or
- either of whose parents/grandparents/great-grandparents were born and permanently resided in India as defined in Government of India Act, 1935 and other territories that became part of India thereafter provided neither was at any time a citizen of any of the aforesaid countries (as referred above), or
- is a spouse of a citizen of India or of a PIO.
Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI)
editAfter multiple efforts by leaders across the Indian political spectrum, a long term visa scheme was established. It is entitled the "Overseas Citizenship of India", and is commonly referred to as the OCI card. The name is itself misleading, as it doesn't offer Indian citizenship. The Constitution of India does not permit full dual citizenship. The OCI card is effectively a long-term visa, with restrictions on voting rights and government jobs. The card is available to certain Overseas ex-Indians, and while it affords holders residency and other rights, it does have restrictions, and is not considered to be any type of Indian citizenship from a constitutional perspective.
Prime minister Narendra Modi announced on 28 September 2014 that PIO and OCI cards would be merged.[36] On 9 January 2015, the Person of Indian Origin Card scheme was withdrawn by the Government of India and was merged with the Overseas Citizen of India card scheme. PIO cardholders must apply to convert their existing cards into OCI cards. The Bureau of Immigration stated that it would continue to accept the old PIO cards as valid travel documents until 31 December 2023.[37]
Comparison
editCategory | Indian passport (Indian Citizen) |
Resident in India |
Expatriate | Tax status | OCI card | Acts | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indian (resident) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Indian nationality law Passports Act |
|
Non-resident Indian (NRI) | Yes | No | Yes (of India) |
No | No | Indian nationality law Passports Act IT Act, 1961[34] |
|
Person of Indian Origin (PIO)1 / Overseas Citizen of India (OCI)2 |
No | Yes (in India) else, No |
Yes (in India) |
Yes (if resident in India) else, No |
Yes | Cit. (A) Act, 2003 (Section 7A–D) |
lifetime visa / permanent residency |
Foreign national | OCI card eligible | Exception | Acts | Status after attaining OCI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Person of Indian Origin (PIO) | Yes | – | – | PIO OCI |
Others | No | Yes, if married to Indian citizen or PIO OCI for more than two years |
Cit. (A) Act, 2003 (Section 7A(d)) |
Non-PIO OCI |
Notes:
- 1. ^ People of Indian Origin (PIO) refers to people of Indian birth or ancestry who are not citizens of India, but are citizens of other nations. Those PIOs who have availed of the Overseas Citizenship of India status through OCI card are known as Overseas Citizen of India (OCI). The card issued to PIOs earlier known as PIO card has been merged into OCI card since 2014.
- 2. ^ Overseas Citizens of India can include both PIO OCIs and non-PIO OCIs. As additionally foreign nationals who marry Indian citizens can also avail of the OCI card and become OCI, thus Non-PIO OCIs are excluded here since they are not part of the Indian diaspora.
History of emigration from India
editSpread of Indic religions
editArabian peninsula
editCentral Asia
editNarimsimhan et al. (2019)[39] have found that there was an "Indus periphery" population living in Central Asia during the Bronze Age. They had migrated from the Indus Valley Civilisation and had settled down in BMAC settlements to trade, this is corroborated by the discovery of Indus Valley seals in Central Asia.[40]
The modern Indian merchant diaspora in Central Asia and Arabia emerged in the mid-16th century and remained active for over four centuries. Astrakhan at the mouth of the Volga was the first place in the Tsardom of Russia where an Indian merchant colony was established as early as the 1610s. Russian chroniclers reported the presence of Hindu traders in Moscow and St Petersburg in the 18th century.[41]
Multani people from Multan, Shikarpur and Mawar of both Hindu and Muslim background acted as bankers and merchants in Safavid Persia. Hindu merchants in Hamadan were massacred by Ottomans as stated by an Armenian, with the Indian merchant community plummeting due to the Ottoman and Afghan wars in Iran (1722–27).[47] In Kerman, traders of Hindu background had a caravanserai.[48] Traders of Indian background were mentioned by Jean Chardin, Jean de Thévenot, Adam Olearius and F. A. Kotov in the Safavid dynasty in Persia where they lived along with Jews and Armenians. Traders from India of Sikh and Hindu background lived in the Qajar and Zand dynasties in Persia after a clampdown by Nader Shah and the Afghan Ghilzar wars in Iran.[49]
Sarmarqandi and Bukharan traders bought Indian indigo from merchants of Hindu origin in Kandahar in 1783 according to George Forester. The tallest houses were owned by Hindus according to Elphinstone in 1815. Lumsden recorded 350 stores owned by Hindus in Kandahar. Finance, precious metals, and textiles were all dealt with by Sikhs and Hindus in Kandahar.[50]
A Hindu worked for Timur Shah Durrani in Afghanistan. Peshawar Hindus were in Kabul by 1783. Money lending was the main occupation of Hindus in Kabul. Armenians and Hindus lived in Kabul according to an 1876 survey.[51] Jews and Hindus lived in Herat in the 1800s.[52] Sindhi Shikarpur Hindus, Jews, and Arabs lived in Balkh in 1886.[53] Sindhi and Punjabi were the languages used by Indians in Afghanistan. Some Afghan cities including Kabul have places of worship for Hindus and Sikhs.[54] Local citizenship has been obtained in Afghanistan by Hindu and Sikh traders.[55]
Peshawari and Shikarpuri Indian traders were involved in Central Asia. The Shikarpuri invested in grain in the Bukharan Emirate as well as Ferghana cotton. They also engaged in legal money lending in Bukhara, which they could not legally do in Russian Turkestan.[56] Jews, Hindus, Baluch, Persians, and Arabs lived in Samarkand, and Hindus and Baháʼís live in Baluchistan and Khorasan in Iran.[57]
Uyghur merchants would harass Hindu usurers by screaming at them asking them if they ate beef or hanging cow skins on their quarters. Uyghur men also rioted and attacked Hindus for marrying Uyghur women in 1907 in Poskam and Yarkand like Ditta Ram calling for their beheading and stoning Indians to death as they engaged in anti-Hindu violence.[58] Hindu Indian usurers engaging in a religious procession led to violence against them by Muslim Uyghurs.[59] In 1896 two Uyghur Turkis attacked a Hindu merchant and the British consul Macartney demanded the Uyghurs be punished by flogging.[60]
The money lenders and merchants of Hindu background from British India in Xinjiang were guaranteed by the British Consul-General.[61][62] Russian refugees, missionaries, and British-Indian merchants and money lenders of Hindu background were potential targets of gangs of Kashgaris so the Consulate-General of Britain was a potential shelter.[63][64] The killings of two Hindus at the hands of Uighurs took place in the Shamba Bazaar[65] in a most brutal fashion.[66][67][68] The plundering of the valuables of slaughtered British Indian Hindus happened in Posgam on 25 March 1933, and on the previous day in Karghalik at the hands of Uighurs.[69] Killings of Hindus took place in Khotan at the hands of the Bughra Amirs.[70] Antagonism against both the British and Hindus ran high among the Muslim Turki Uyghur rebels in Xinjiang's southern area. Muslims plundered the possessions in Karghalik of Rai Sahib Dip Chand, who was the aksakal of Britain, and his fellow Hindus on 24 March 1933, and in Keryia they slaughtered British Indian Hindus.[71] Sind's Shikarpur district was the origin of the Hindu diaspora there. The slaughter of the Hindus from British India was called the "Karghalik Outrage". The Muslims had killed nine of them.[72] The forced removal of the Swedes was accompanied by the slaughter of the Hindus in Khotan by the Islamic Turkic rebels.[73] The Emirs of Khotan slaughtered the Hindus as they forced the Swedes out and declared sharia in Khotan on 16 March 1933.[74]
Southeast Asia
editA major emigration from the Indian subcontinent was to Southeast Asia. There is a possibility that the first wave of Indian migration towards Southeast Asia occurred when Emperor Ashoka invaded Kalinga and following Samudragupta's expedition towards the South.[75] This was followed by early interaction of Indian traders with South Asians and, after the mid-first millennium CE, by the emigration of members of the Brahmin social caste. This resulted in the establishment of the Indianised kingdoms in Southeast Asia. The Chola rulers, who were known for their naval power, conquered Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. [citation needed]
Another early diaspora, of which little is known, was a reported Indian "Shendu" community that was recorded when Yunnan was annexed by the Han dynasty in the 1st century by the Chinese authorities.[76]
European Colonial rule (to 1947)
editDuring the mid-19th century right after the British Colonial disasters ended, much of the migration that occurred was of pioneering Girmitya indentured workers – mostly Bhojpuri and Awadhi-speaking people from the Bhojpur district of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar to other British colonies under the Indian indenture system. The major destinations were Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, other parts of the Caribbean (e.g. Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Belize, Barbados, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia), Fiji, Réunion, Seychelles, Malay Peninsula (e.g. Malaysia and Singapore), East Africa (e.g. Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda) and South Africa.[citation needed]
Gujarati and Sindhi merchants and traders settled in the Arabian Peninsula, Aden, Oman, Bahrain, Dubai, South Africa and East African countries, most of which were ruled by the British. The Indian Rupee was the legal currency in many countries of Arabian peninsula. Punjabi, Rajasthani, Sindhi, Baloch and Kashmiri Camel drivers were brought to Australia.[77][78]
Post-independence
editAfter gaining independence from the British Raj, unlike internal migration, senior government leaders have historically not vocalized opinions on international emigration. As a result, it remains a political issue only in states with major emigrant populations, such as Kerala, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and to a lesser degree Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Goa. However, the phenomenon continues to be a major force in India's economic (foreign direct investment), social and political relations with nations having significant Indian populace.[citation needed]
Overseas experience
editLove for India
editIndophilia or Indomania is love, admiration or special interest for India or its people and culture.[79] An Indophile is someone who loves India, Indian culture, cuisine, religions, history or its people.
Overseas discrimination
editDemography by country
edit India + 1,000,000 + 100,000 | + 10,000 + 1,000 No data |
Population of Overseas Indians, by country, according to the Consular Services of the Ministry of External Affairs of India,[1] or other estimates (if indicated).
Diaspora by host country
editAfrica
editMadagascar
editIndians in Madagascar are descended mostly from traders who arrived in 19th century looking for better opportunities. The majority of them came from the Indian west coast state of Gujarat and were known as Karana (Muslim) and Bania (Hindu). The majority speak Gujarati, though some other Indian languages are spoken. Nowadays, the younger generations speak at least three languages; these languages include French or English, Gujarati and Malagasy.[citation needed]
Mauritius
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2017) |
The people are known as Indo-Mauritians, and form about 65.8% of the population. The majority of them are Hindu (73.7%) and a significant group are Muslims (26.3%). Mauritius is the only Hindu majority (48.5%) country of Africa according to the 2011 census. There are also a relatively small number of Baháʼís and Sikhs. The mother tongue of Indo-Mauritians is Creole, as well as French and English in general fields, however various Indian languages are still spoken, especially Bhojpuri, Tamil, Hindi, Marathi, Odia, Telugu, and Urdu as they are used in religious activities.
Mauritius hosts the Aapravasi Ghat, the only site of UNESCO in the world, to pay homage to the memory of indenture. The Indian Festivals of Maha Shivaratri, Diwali, Thaipusam, Ponggal, Ganesh Chaturthi and Ugadi are all National Holidays as well as the Annual Commemoration of the Arrival of Indian Indentured Labourers in Mauritius.
Réunion
editIndians make up a quarter of Réunion's population. Most originally came as indentured workers from Tamil Nadu. [citation needed]
South Africa
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2017) |
Most Asians in South Africa are descended from indentured Indian labourers who were brought by the British from India in the 19th century, mostly to work on the sugar cane plantations of what is now the province of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). The majority are of Tamil speaking heritage along with people that speak Hindi or Bhojpuri, mostly descending from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. There are also smaller numbers of Telugu speaking communities while a minority are descended from Indian traders who migrated to South Africa at around the same time, many from Gujarat. The city of Durban has the highest number of Asians in sub-Saharan Africa, and the Indian independence leader Mahatma Gandhi worked as a lawyer in the country in the early 1900s. South Africa has one of the highest number of people of Indian descent outside of India in the world, i.e. born in South Africa and not migrant. Most of them are fourth or fifth-generation descendants. Most Indian South Africans do not speak any Indian languages, as they were 'lost' over the generations, although some do enjoy watching Indian movies and listening to Indian music, and they maintain (and have had imposed upon them) a strong Indian racial identity as a consequence of the legacy of Apartheid.[155]
East Africa
editBefore the larger wave of migration during the British colonial era, a significant group of South Asians, especially from the west coast (Sindh, Surat, Konkan and Malabar) travelled regularly to South East Africa, especially Zanzibar. It is believed that they travelled in Arab dhows, Maratha Navy ships (under Kanhoji Angre), and possibly Chinese junks and Portuguese vessels. Some of these people settled in South-East Africa and later spread to places like present day Uganda, and Mozambique. Later they mingled with the much larger wave of South Asians who came with the British.
Indian migration to the modern countries of Kenya, Uganda, Mauritius, South Africa, and Tanzania began nearly a century ago when these parts of the continent were under British and French colonial rule. Most of these migrants were of Gujarati or Punjabi origin. There are almost three million Indians living in South-East Africa. Indian-led businesses were (or are) the backbone of the economies of these countries. These ranged in the past from small rural grocery stores to sugar mills. In addition, Indian professionals, such as doctors, teachers, engineers, also played an important part in the development of these countries.
Asia
editIndonesia
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2017) |
The official figures, it is estimated that there are around 125,000 Indians living in Indonesia and 25,000 PIOs/NRIs living in Indonesia of which the Indian expatriate community registered with the embassy and consulate in Medan numbers around 5,000-7,000 people. Most are from Tamil descendants.
Indians have been living in Indonesia for centuries, from the time of the Srivijaya and Majapahit Empire both of which were Hindu and heavily influenced by the subcontinent. Indians were later brought to Indonesia by the Dutch in the 19th century as indentured labourers to work on plantations located around Medan in Sumatra. While the majority of these came from South India, a significant number also came from the north of India. The Medan Indians included Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. They have now been in Indonesia for over four generations and hold Indonesian passports. While local statistics continue to suggest that there are some 40,000 PIOs in Sumatra, the vast majority are now completely assimilated into Indonesian society, though some elements of the Tamil, Punjabi and Odia communities still maintain their cultural traditions.
The Indian diaspora also includes several thousand Sindhi families who constitute the second wave of Indian immigrants who made Indonesia their home in the first half of the 20th century. The Sindhi community is mainly engaged in trading and commerce.
Among these communities, Tamils and to a lesser extent Sikhs were primarily engaged in agriculture while Sindhis and Punjabis mainly established themselves in textile trade and sports businesses.
The inflow of major Indian investments in Indonesia starting in the late 1970s drew a fresh wave of Indian investors and managers to this country. This group of entrepreneurs and business professionals has further expanded over the past two decades and now includes engineers, consultants, chartered accountants, bankers and other professionals.
The Indian community is very well regarded in Indonesia, is generally prosperous, and includes individuals holding senior positions in local and multinational companies.
Due to economic factors, most traders and businessmen among PIOs have over past decades moved to Jakarta from outlying areas such as Medan and Surabaya. Almost half the Indian Community in Indonesia is now Jakarta-based; it is estimated that the population of Jakarta's Indian community is about 19,000.[156] There are six main social or professional associations in Jakarta's Indian PIO/NRI community. Gandhi Seva Loka (formerly known as Bombay Merchants Association) is a charitable institution run by the Sindhi community and is engaged mainly in educational and social activities. The India Club is a social organisation of PIO/NRI professionals. An Indian Women's Association brings together PIO/NRI spouses and undertakes charitable activities. There is a Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee in Jakarta and Sindhis as well, Sikhs are associated with Gurudwara activities. The Economic Association of Indonesia and India (ECAII) brings together leading entrepreneurs from the Indian community with the objective of promoting bilateral economic relations, but it has been largely inactive. Finally, there is the Indonesian Chapter of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI).
Japan
editIndians in Japan consist of migrants from India to Japan and their descendants. As of December 2008[update], There are currently around 40,000 Indians living in Japan.[157] Roughly 60% consist of expatriate IT professionals and their families.[158]
Malaysia
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2017) |
Malaysia has one of the world's largest overseas Indian and overseas Chinese populations. Most Indians migrated to Malaysia as plantation labourers under British rule. They are a significant minority ethnic group, making up 8% or 2,410,000 as 2017 of the Malaysian population. 85% of these people are Tamil-speaking. They have retained their languages and religion – 88% of ethnic Indians in Malaysia identify as Hindus. A minority number of the population are Sikhs and Muslims.
There is also a small community of Indian origin, the Chitty, who are the descendants of only Tamil traders who had emigrated before 1500 CE. Considering themselves Tamil, speaking Malay, and practicing Hinduism, the Chittys number about 200,000 today.
Nepal
editIn 2006, the newly formed Nepal parliament passed the controversial citizenship act Nepali nationality law that allowed nearly two million Indians especially those living in the Madhesh province of Nepal to acquire Nepalese citizenship and Nepalese identity via naturalisation.[159][160] The total number of Indian citizens temporarily living and working in Nepal is estimated to be somewhere between two and three million.[161] Nepal is also the seventh largest source of remittance to India, which amounted to nearly $3.5 billion in 2013/2014.[162][163]
Philippines
editCurrently, there are over 150,000 people of Indian origin residing in Philippines.[164] By law, Indian Filipinos are defined as Philippine citizens of Indian descent.
India and the Philippines have historic cultural and economic ties going back over 3,000 years. Iron Age finds in the Philippines point to the existence of trade between Tamil Nadu in South India and what are today the Philippine Islands during the ninth and tenth centuries BCE.[165] The influence of Indian culture on Filipino cultures intensified from the 2nd through the late 14th centuries CE, impacting various fields such as language, politics, and religion.[166]
During the Seven Years' War, Indians from Chennai, and Tamil Nadu were part of the British expedition against Spanish Manila, taking the city from the Spanish East Indies government and occupying the surrounding areas until Caintâ and Morong (today in Rizal province) between 1762 and 1763. Following the end war's end, a number of Indian soldiers mutinied, settled, and married local Tagalog women. These Sepoy Indians still have descendants in the town today.[167][168]
Singapore
editIndian Singaporeans – defined as persons of South Asian paternal ancestry – form 9% of the country's citizens and permanent residents,[169] making them Singapore's third largest ethnic group. Among cities, Singapore has one of the largest overseas Indian populations.
Although contact with ancient India left a deep cultural impact on Singapore's indigenous Malay society, the mass migration of ethnic Indians to the island only began with the founding of modern Singapore by the British in 1819. Initially, the Indian population was transient, mainly comprising young men who came as workers, soldiers and convicts. By the mid-20th century, a settled community had emerged, with a more balanced gender ratio and a better spread of age groups. Tamil is one among the four official languages of Singapore alongside English, Chinese and Malay.
Singapore's Indian population is notable for its class stratification, with disproportionately large elite and lower income groups. This long-standing problem has grown more visible since the 1990s with an influx of both well-educated and unskilled migrants from India, and as part of growing income inequality in Singapore. Indians earn higher incomes than Malays, the other major minority group. Indians are also significantly more likely to hold university degrees than these groups. However, the mainly locally born Indian students in public primary and secondary schools under-perform the national average at major examinations.
Singapore Indians are linguistically and religiously diverse, with South Indians and Hindus forming majorities. Indian culture has endured and evolved over almost 200 years. By the mid to late 20th century, it had become somewhat distinct from contemporary South Asian cultures, even as Indian elements became diffused within a broader Singaporean culture. Since the 1990s, new Indian immigrants have increased the size and complexity of the local Indian population. Together with modern communications like cable television and the Internet, this has connected Singapore with an emerging global Indian culture.
Prominent Indian individuals have long made a mark in Singapore as leaders of various fields in national life. Indians are also collectively well-represented, and sometimes over-represented, in areas such as politics, education, diplomacy and the law.
There is also a small community of Indian origin, the Chitty, who are the descendants of Tamil traders who had emigrated before 1500 CE. Considering themselves Tamil, speaking Tamil, and practice Hinduism, the Chittys number about 2,000 today.
Caribbean
editFrom 1838 to 1917, over half a million Indians from the former British India were brought to the Caribbean as indentured laborers to address the demand for labour following the abolition of slavery. The first two ships arrived in British Guiana (now Guyana) on 5 May 1838.
The majority of the Indians living in the English-speaking Caribbean and Suriname migrated from the Bhojpur region in present-day eastern Uttar Pradesh, western Bihar and northwestern Jharkhand and the Awadh region in eastern Uttar Pradesh, while a significant minority came from South India.[170] Most of the Indians brought to Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Lucia and French Guiana were mostly from Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and other parts of South India.[171] A minority emigrated from other parts of South Asia. Other Indo-Caribbean people are descend from or are later migrants, including Indian doctors, businessmen, and other professionals. Many of them being of Sindhi, Punjabi, Gujarati, Kutchi, Bengali, Tamil, and Telugu origin.[172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179] Many Indo-Caribbean people have further migrated and settled to other countries, such as the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and France, with sizable populations in the metropolitan areas of New York, Toronto, Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, Orlando-Ocala, Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Tampa Bay, Winnipeg, Montreal, Vancouver, Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land, Washington, D.C., Schenectady, Calgary, London, Rotterdam-Den Haag, and Amsterdam.[180]
Indo-Caribbean people are the largest ethnic group in Guyana, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. They are the second largest group in Jamaica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and other countries. There are small populations of them in Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, French Guiana, Grenada, Panama, Guatemala, St. Lucia, Haiti, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and the Netherlands Antilles.
Europe
editNetherlands and Suriname
editThere are around 120,000 people of Indian origin in the Netherlands, 90% of whom migrated from the former Dutch colony of Suriname, where their forefathers were brought as workers to farm and tend to crops in the former Dutch colonies.[citation needed]
Indo-Surinamese are nationals of Suriname of Indian or other South Asian ancestry. After the Dutch government signed a treaty with the United Kingdom on the recruitment of contract workers, Indians began migrating to Suriname in 1873 from what was then British India as indentured labourers, many from the modern-day Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and the surrounding regions. Just before and just after the independence of Suriname on 25 November 1975 many Indo-Surinamese emigrated to the Netherlands.[citation needed]
During the heyday of British rule in India, many people from India were sent to other British colonies for work. In the Dutch colony of Suriname, the Dutch were allowed by the British Raj to recruit labourers in certain parts of the North-Indian United Provinces. Today, Europe's largest Hindu temple is currently situated in The Hague.[181]
United Kingdom
editThe Indian emigrant community in the United Kingdom is now in its third generation. Indians in the UK are the largest community outside of Asia proportionally, and the second largest in terms of population, only surpassed by the United States, and closely followed by Canada. The first wave of Indians in the United Kingdom worked as manual labourers and were not respected within society. However, this has changed considerably. On the whole, third and fourth generation immigrants are proving to be very successful, especially in the fields of law, business and medicine.[citation needed]
Indian culture has been constantly referenced within the wider British culture, at first as an "exotic" influence in films like My Beautiful Laundrette, but now increasingly as a familiar feature in films like Bend It Like Beckham.
The United Kingdom Census 2011 recorded 1,451,862 people of Indian ethnicity resident in the UK (not including those who categorised themselves as of mixed ethnicity).[128] The main ethnic groups are Gujaratis, Punjabis, Bengalis, Hindi-speaking people, Tamils, Telugus, Malayalis, Goan-Konkanis, Sindhis, Marathis, and Anglo-Indians.[182] Hindus comprise 49% of the British Indian population, Sikhs 22.1%, Muslims 13.9%, Christians nearly 10%, with the remainder made up of Jains (15,000), Parsis (Zoroastrians), and Buddhists.[183]
There are 2,360,000 people currently speaking Indian languages in the United Kingdom.[184] Punjabi is now the second most widely spoken language in the United Kingdom,[185] and the most frequently spoken language among school pupils who do not have English as a first language.[citation needed]
Rishi Sunak became the first British Indian (non-white) Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in October 2022.
North America
editSearch terms can be confusing, because some of the indigenous people of the Americas are referred to, either legally or informally, as Indians. See for example Indian Act, Indian Register, Indian reserves.
Canada
editAccording to Statistics Canada, via the 2021 Canadian census, 1,858,755 persons classified themselves as being of Indian origin, comprising approximately 5.1% of the total Canadian population.[a] Unlike in India, however, representation of various minority religious groups is much higher amongst the Indo-Canadian population. For instance in India, Sikhs comprise 2% and Christians 2.2% of the population of India, Hindus 80% and Muslims 14%. In 2011, Sikhs represented 35%, Hindus represented 28%, Muslims 17%, Christians 16% of the total people of Indian origin in Canada.[188]
A Punjabi community has existed in British Columbia, Canada, for over 120 years. The first known Indian settlers in Canada were Indian Army soldiers who had passed through Canada in 1897 on their way home from attending Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebration in London, England. Some are believed to have remained in British Columbia and others returned there later. Punjabi Indians were attracted to the possibilities for farming and forestry. They were mainly male Sikhs who were seeking work opportunities. Indo-Caribbeans, descendants of the Indian indentured workers who had gone to the Caribbean since 1838, made an early appearance in Canada with the arrival of the Trinidadian medical student Kenneth Mahabir and the Demerara (now Guyana) clerk M N Santoo, both in 1908.[citation needed]
The first Indian immigrants in British Columbia allegedly faced widespread racism from the majority Anglo community. Race riots targeted these immigrants, as well as new Chinese immigrants. Most decided to return to India, while a few stayed behind. The Canadian government prevented these men from bringing their wives and children until 1919, another reason why many of them chose to leave. Quotas were established to prevent many Indians from moving to Canada in the early 20th century. These quotas allowed fewer than 100 people from India a year until 1957, when the number was increased to 300. In 1967, all quotas were scrapped. Immigration was then based on a point system, thus allowing many more Indians to enter. Since this open-door policy was adopted, Indians continue to come in large numbers, and roughly 25,000-30,000 arrive each year, which now makes Indians the second highest group immigrating to Canada each year, after the Chinese.[citation needed]
Most Indians choose to emigrate to larger urban centres like Toronto and Vancouver, where more than 60% live. Smaller communities are also growing in Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, and Winnipeg. A place called Little India exists in South Vancouver and a section of Gerrard Street in Toronto as well. Indians in Vancouver live mainly in the suburb of Surrey, or nearby Abbotsford but are also found in other parts of Vancouver. The vast majority of Vancouver Indians are of Punjabi Sikh origin and have taken significant roles in politics and other professions, with several Supreme Court justices, three attorneys general and one provincial premier hailing from the community. Both Gurmant Grewal and his wife Nina Grewal were the first married couple in Canada to be concurrently elected as Member of Parliament in 2004. The most read newspaper in the Indian community is The Asian Star and The Punjabi Star based in Vancouver started by an immigrant from Mumbai-Shamir Doshi.[citation needed]
The Greater Toronto Area contains the second largest population of Indian descent in North America, enumerating 572,250 residents of Indian origin as of 2011, surpassed only by the 592,888 estimate by the 2011 American Community Survey[189][190] (and 659,784 in 2013[191]) for the New York City Combined Statistical Area. Note, however, that the Toronto count (but not the New York count) includes individuals of West Indian/Indo-Caribbean descent. Compared to the Vancouver area, Toronto's Indian community is much more linguistically and religiously diverse with large communities of Gujaratis, Bengalis, Malayalis, and Tamils, including Tamil ethnic minority from Sri Lanka, as well as more Indians who are Hindu, Sikh and Muslim than Vancouver. From Toronto, Canadian carrier Air Canada operates non-stop flights to Delhi and Mumbai.[192]
United States
edit-
Mohini Bhardwaj was a member of the US Gymnastic Women's Team at the 2004 Summer Olympics, which earned a silver medal in women's artistic team all-around competition and is a member of USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame. She is the second Indian American Olympic medalist.
-
Raj Bhavsar was a member of US Gymnastic Men's Team at 2008 Summer Olympics that earned a bronze medal in men's artistic team all-around competition. He is the third American Olympic medalist of Indian ancestry
-
Team USA's Rajeev Ram won a silver medal in Mixed doubles Tennis at 2016 Summer Olympics with Venus Williams, the fourth American athlete of Indian ancestry, to win an Olympic medal.
-
Kalpana Chawla was the first Indian American astronaut.
The United States has the largest Indian population in the world outside Asia. Indian immigration to North America started as early as the 1890s. Emigration to the United States also started in the late 19th and early 20th century, when Sikhs arriving in Vancouver found that the fact that they were subjects of the British Empire did not mean anything in Canada itself, and they were blatantly discriminated against.[193][clarification needed] Some of these pioneers entered the US or landed in Seattle and San Francisco as the ships that carried them from Asia often stopped at these ports. Most of these immigrants were Sikhs from the Punjab region.
Asian women were restricted from immigrating because the US government passed laws in 1917, at the behest of California and other states in the west, which had experienced a large influx of Chinese, Japanese, and Indian immigrants during and after the gold rush. As a result, many of the South Asian men in California married Mexican women. A fair number of these families settled in the Central Valley in California as farmers, and continue to this day. These early immigrants were denied voting rights, family re-unification and citizenship. In 1923 the Supreme Court of the United States, in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, ruled that people from India (at the time, British India, e.g. South Asians) were ineligible for citizenship. Bhagat Singh Thind was a Sikh from India who settled in Oregon; he had applied earlier for citizenship and was rejected there.[194] Thind became a citizen a few years later in New York.
After World War II, US immigration policy changed, after almost a half century, to allow family re-unification for people of non-white origin. In addition, Asians were allowed to become citizens and to vote. Many men who arrived before the 1940s were finally able to bring their families to the US; most of them in this earlier era settled in California and other west coast states.[citation needed]
Another wave of Indian immigrants entered the US after independence of India. A large proportion of them were Sikhs joining their family members under the newly more (though not completely) colour-blind immigration laws, then Malayali immigrants from Middle East, Kerala, etc. and professionals or students came from all over India. The Cold War created a need for engineers in the defence and aerospace industries, some of whom came from India. By the late 1980s and early 1990s, large numbers of Gujarati, Telugu, and Tamil people had settled in the US. The most recent and probably the largest wave of immigration to date occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s during the internet boom. As a result, Indians in the US are now one of the largest among the groups of immigrants with an estimated population of about 3.2 million, or ~1.0% of the US population according to American Community Survey of 2010 data.[195] The demographics of Indian Americans have accordingly changed from majority Sikh to majority Hindu, with Sikhs only comprising 10% to 20% of Indian Americans today. This is much smaller than the proportion of Sikhs amongst the Indian populations in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, but larger than in India. In 2018, with 25% of the population of all non-resident migrants in the US, Indians made up the highest number of non-resident migrants (those without US citizenship or green card).[196] The US Census Bureau uses the term Asian Indian to avoid confusion with the indigenous peoples of the Americas commonly referred to as American Indians.
In contrast to the earliest groups of Indians who entered the US workforce as taxi drivers, labourers, farmers, or small business owners, the later arrivals often came as professionals or completed graduate studies in the US and moved into professional occupations. They have become very successful financially thanks to highly technical industries, and are thus probably the most well-off community of immigrants. They are well represented in all walks of life, but particularly so in academia, information technology, and medicine.[197] There were over 4,000 PIO professors and 84,000 Indian‑born students in American universities in 2007–08. The American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin has a membership of 35,000. In 2000, Fortune magazine estimated the wealth generated by Indian Silicon Valley entrepreneurs at around $250 billion.[citation needed] Many IT companies like Google, Microsoft, Adobe and IBM have CEOs of Indian origin.
Patel Brothers is the world's large supermarket chain serving the Indian diaspora, with 57 locations in 19 U.S. states—primarily located in the New Jersey/New York Metropolitan Area, due to its large Indian population, and with the East Windsor/Monroe Township, New Jersey location representing the world's largest and busiest Indian grocery store outside India.
The New York City Metropolitan Area, including Manhattan, Queens, and Nassau County in New York State, and most of New Jersey, is home to, by far, the largest Indian population in the United States,[198] estimated at 679,173 as of 2014.[199] Though the Indian diaspora in the US is largely concentrated in metropolitan areas surrounding cities such as New York City, Washington D.C., Boston, Philadelphia, Atlanta, Chicago, Detroit, Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles, and San Francisco – almost every metropolitan area in the United States has a community of Indians.
Oceania
editAustralia
editAt the 2016 Australian census, 619,164 people stated that they had Indian ancestry, of which 455,389 were born in India, with people from India making up the third largest immigrant population in the country and the second most popular country of origin for new migrants from 2016.[200][201] Before roads and road transport were developed, many Indians had come to Australia to run camel trains. They would transport goods and mail via camels in the desert. Some of the earliest Punjabi arrivals in Australia included Kareem Bux, who came as a hawker to Bendigo in 1893, Sardar Beer Singh Johal, who came in 1895 and Sardar Narain Singh Heyer, who arrived in 1898. Many Punjabis took part in the rush for gold on the Victorian fields.
Indians also entered Australia in the first half of the 20th century when both Australia and India were both British colonies. Indian Sikhs came to work on the banana plantations in Southern Queensland. Today many of them live in the town of Woolgoolga (a town lying roughly halfway between Sydney and Brisbane). Some of these Indians, the descendants of Sikh plantation workers, now own banana farms in the area. There are two Sikh temples in Woolgoolga, one of which has a museum dedicated to Sikhism. Many Britons and Anglo-Indians born in India migrated to Australia after 1947. These British citizens decided to settle in Australia in large numbers but are still counted as Indian Nationals in the census. The third wave of Indians entered the country in the 1970s and 1980s after the abolition of the White Australia policy in 1973 with many Indian teachers, doctors and other professional public service occupations settling in Australia accompanied by many IT professionals.[202]
After successive military coups in Fiji of 1987 and 2000, a significant number of Fijian-Indians migrated to Australia; as such there is a large Fijian-Indian population in Australia. Fijian-Indians have significantly changed the character of the Indian community in Australia. While most earlier Indian migration was by educated professionals, the Fijian-Indian community was also largely by professionals but also brought many small business owners and entrepreneurs.
The current wave of Indian migration is that of engineers, toolmakers, Gujarati business families from East Africa and relatives of settled Indians. Starved of government funding, Australian education institutes are recruiting full fee paying overseas students. Many universities have permanent representatives stationed in India and other Asian countries. Their efforts have been rewarded with a new influx of Indian students entering Australia. The total number of student visas granted to Indian students for 2006–2007 was 34,136;[203] a significant rise from 2002 to 2003, when 7,603 student visas were granted to Indian students.[204] According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, 87% of Indians residing in Australia are under the age of 50, and over 83% are proficient in English.
Fiji
editIndo-Fijians are Fijians whose ancestors came mainly from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, while a very small minority hailed from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Later on, a small population of Gujaratis, Punjabis and Bengalis emigrated to Fiji. They number 313,798 (37.6%) (2007 census) out of a total of 827,900 people living in Fiji.[205] They are mostly descended from indentured labourers, girmitiyas or girmit, brought to the islands by the British colonial government of Fiji between 1879 and 1916 to work on Fiji's sugar cane plantations. Music has featured prominently in Indo-Fijian culture, with a distinctive genre emerging in the first decades of the 20th century that some claim influenced early jazz musicians. One of the Indo-Fijian jazz pioneers in the early evolution of this distinct ethnic art-form, Ravinda Banjeeri, likened the struggle to be heard through music as "like a bear emerging from a dark wood, listening to twigs snapping in an otherwise silent forest". The Indo-Fijians have fought for equal rights, although with only limited success. Many have left Fiji in search of better living conditions and social justice and this exodus has gained pace with the series of coups starting in the late 1980s.
New Zealand
editIndians began to arrive in New Zealand in the late eighteenth century, mostly as crews on Royal Navy warships. The earliest known Indians to set foot in Aotearoa New Zealand were Muslim lascars who arrived in December 1769 on the ship Saint Jean Baptiste captained by Frenchman Jean François Marie de Surville sailing from Pondicherry, India.[206] Their arrival marks the beginning of Indian presence in New Zealand, in which hundreds of unnamed South Asian lascars visited New Zealand on European ships in order to procure timber and seal skins.[206] The period of Indian settlement begins with the earliest known Indian resident of New Zealand, a lascar of Bengali descent from the visiting ship City of Edinburgh who jumped ship in 1809 in the Bay of Islands to live with a Māori wife.[207] Numbers slowly increased through the 19th and 20th centuries, despite a law change in 1899 that was designed to keep out people who were not of "British birth and parentage".[208] As in many other countries, Indians in New Zealand, also called "Indo-Kiwis", dispersed throughout the country and had a high rate of small business ownership, particularly fruit and vegetable shops and convenience stores. At this stage most Indian New Zealanders originated from Gujarat and the Punjab. Changes in immigration policy in the 1980s allowed many more Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis into the country. Today, South Asians from all over the subcontinent live and work in New Zealand, with small numbers involved in both local and national politics.[209] Notable Indian New Zealanders include former Dunedin mayor Sukhi Turner, cricketers Dipak Patel and Jeetan Patel, singer Aaradhna, Minister Priyanca Radhakrishnan and former Governor General Anand Satyanand
West Asia
editArmenia
editThere are over 28,000 Indian citizens in Armenia, including those who are seeking permanent residence status in Armenia, as recorded in 2018. In the first half of 2018, 10,237 Indians crossed Armenia's borders, and more than 2,000 were seeking permanent residence status.[94][210]
Israel
editThe Bene Israel (Hebrew: בני ישראל, "Sons of Israel") are an ancient group of Jews who migrated in the 18th century from villages in the Konkan area to nearby Indian cities, primarily Mumbai, but also to Pune, and Ahmedabad. In the second half of the 20th century, most of them emigrated to Israel, where they now number about 85,000. The native language of the Bene Israel is Judæo-Marathi, a form of Marathi.
Another prominent community that migrated to Israel after its creation were the Jews of Cochin, in Kerala (Cochin Jews) – a community with a very long history. They are known to have been granted protection by the king of the Princely State of Cochin. The earliest Jews in this region, as per local tradition, date to as early as 379 CE. The community was a mix of native Jews (called "Black Jews"), and European Jews (called "White Jews") who had emigrated to Cochin after the successive European conquests of Cochin. The Jewish community of Cochin spoke a variant of Malayalam, called Judeo-Malayalam. The community, after the creation of Israel, saw a mass exodus from Cochin, and is presently facing extinction in India.
Still another group of Indians to arrive in Israel belong to the Bnei Menashe ("Children of Menasseh", Hebrew בני מנשה) a group of more than 10,000 people from India's North-Eastern border states of Manipur and Mizoram, who claim descent from one of the Lost Tribes of Israel, and of whom about 3,700 now live in Israel (some of them in Israeli settlements on the West Bank). Linguistically, Bnei Menashe are Tibeto-Burmans and belong to the Mizo, Kuki and Chin peoples (the terms are virtually interchangeable).[211] The move to convert them to Judaism and bring them to Israel is politically controversial in both India and Israel.[212]
Persian Gulf
editIndians command a dominant majority of the population Persian Gulf countries. After the 1970s oil boom in the Middle East, numerous Indians from Kerala emigrated, taking advantage of close historical ties with the 'Gulf' as well as the lack of ample skilled labour from nearby Africa and the Middle East. Major urban centers such as Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Doha and Manama were experiencing a development boom and thousands of Indians labored in construction industries.
This work was done on a contractual basis rather than permanently, and working age men continued to return home every few years. This has remained the dominant pattern as the countries in the Persian Gulf, especially United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar and Kuwait have a common policy of not naturalising non-Arabs, even if they are born there.
The Persian Gulf region has provided incomes many times over for the same type of job in India and has geographical proximity to India, and these incomes are free of taxation.[citation needed] The NRIs make up a good proportion of the working class in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). NRI population in these GCC countries is estimated to be around 20 million, of which a quarter is resident in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).[213] In 2005, about 75% of the population in the UAE was of Indian descent. The majority originate from Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka, and Goa. Similarly, Indians are the single largest nationality in Qatar, representing around 85% of the total population as of 2014.[214] They also form majorities in Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman.
Since the early 2000s, significant number of Indians have reached the region, taking up high skill jobs in business and industry. Major Indian corporations maintain solid regional presence there while some are headquartered there.
There is a huge population of NRIs in West Asia, most coming from Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. They work as engineers, doctors, lawyers, labourers and in clerical jobs.[citation needed] Unlike in Europe and America, most of the countries in West Asia do not grant citizenship or permanent residency to these Indians, however long they might live there. They have a minority in Saudi Arabia. The NRI population tends to save and remit considerable amounts to their dependents in India. It is estimated such remittances may be over US$10 billion per annum (including remittances by formal and informal channels in 2007–2008). The relative ease with which people can travel to their home country means that many NRIs in the Gulf and West Asia maintain close links to Indian culture, with people often travelling twice or thrice a year, especially during holiday period, while some live in India for several months each year. Satellite television allows many NRIs to consume Indian media and entertainment, and there are TV soaps aimed at the NRI community in the Gulf countries. Live performances and cultural events, such as Tiarts for Goans living in UAE, occur quite often and are staged by community groups.[citation needed]
Diaspora by state and ethnolinguistic regions of India
editDiaspora by region
editEuropean colonial era diaspora
edit
Mixed Indians
edit- Afro-Indians
- Asian Indians
- European Indians
- Hispanic-Indians
- Polynesian Indians
Diaspora by religion
edit
Indian-origin religions
edit
The diaspora of indic religions are:
- Hindu diaspora
- Jain diaspora
- Sikh diaspora
Foreign-origin religions
editImpact
edit
Influence in India
editOverseas Indians' Day
edit
Since 2003, the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (Overseas Indians' Day) sponsored by Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, is celebrated in India on 9 January each year, to "mark the contributions of the Overseas Indian community in the development of India". The day commemorates the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi in India from South Africa, and during a three-day convention held around the day, a forum for issues concerning the Indian diaspora is held and the annual Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards are bestowed.[215] As of December 2005,[216] the Indian government has introduced the "Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI)" scheme to allow a limited form of dual citizenship to Indians, NRIs, and PIOs for the first time since independence in 1947. The PIO Card scheme is expected to be phased out in coming years in favour of the OCI programme.
Impact on India's hard and soft power
edit
The Indian diaspora was estimated in 2012 to have assets worth $1 trillion,[217][218] equalling nearly 50 percent of India’s GDP at the time. The income of the Indian diaspora is estimated at $400 billion a year.[219]
The Indian diaspora has a significant impact on the globalisation of economy of India, especially in the following areas:
- Current top recipient of remittance, India has been ranked first for several years.
- Foreign trade of India
- Exports of India
- Business process outsourcing to India
- H-1B visa, over 80% of all these visas are granted to Indian IT professionals
- Indian origin CEOs of top global multinational companies
- Largest trading partners of India
- Exports of India
Impact on other nations
edit
Expansion of Indian soft power
editGenerations of diaspora have enhanced India's soft power through proliferation of elements of Indian culture. With expansion of Indosphere cultural influence of Greater India,[220] through transmission of Hinduism in Southeast Asia[221][222][223] and the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism[224][225] leading to Indianization of Southeast Asia through formation of non-Indian southeast Asian native Indianized kingdoms[226] which adopted sanskritized language[227] and other Indian elements[228] such as the honorific titles, naming of people, naming of places, mottos of organisations and educational institutes as well as adoption of Indian architecture, martial arts, Indian music and dance, traditional Indian clothing, traditional Indian games,[229][230][231] and Indian cuisine, a process which has also been aided by the ongoing historic expansion of Indian diaspora.[232]
Expansion of Indian hard power
editDiaspora organisation and political lobby groups
edit- Global Organization for People of Indian Origin
- Indian origin politicians in other nations
- Overseas Citizens of India
Relations with other diasporas
editPolitical lobbying groups of Indian diaspora influence the foreign policies of other nations in India's favor. Indian diaspora's lobby groups especially collaborate well with the influential Jewish diaspora in the Western world for creating favorable outcome for India and Israel. Indian diaspora has good relations with most other diasporas, including its offshoot Bangladeshi and Pakistani diasporas, as well all other SAARC neighbors such as Afghan, Bhutanese, Burmese, Nepali. Sri Lankan, and Tibetan diasporas.[citation needed]
Cultural, economic and political impact on other nations
editThe diaspora has led to politicians of Indian ancestry becoming leaders of the countries of their residence. This list includes full-ethnic Indian heads of states and governments such as Basdeo Panday, Kamla Persad-Bissessar, Christine Kangaloo, and Noor Hassanali of Trinidad and Tobago, Cheddi Jagan, Donald Ramotar, Bharrat Jagdeo, Moses Nagamootoo, and Irfaan Ali of Guyana, Chan Santokhi, Ramsewak Shankar, Pretaap Radhakishun and Fred Ramdat Misier of Suriname, Ram Baran Yadav of Nepal, Hussain Mohammad Ershad of Bangladesh Mahendra Chaudhry of Fiji, Pravind Jugnauth, Prithvirajsing Roopun, Anerood Jugnauth, Kailash Purryag, Ameenah Gurib-Fakim, Navin Ramgoolam, Veerasamy Ringadoo, and Seewoosagur Ramgoolam of Mauritius, Devan Nair and S. R. Nathan of Singapore, and Rishi Sunak of U.K. and those of mixed heritage, such as Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia, António Costa and Alfredo Nobre da Costa of Portugal, Leo Varadkar of Ireland, Halimah Yacob of Singapore, and Wavel Ramkalawan of Seychelles. Additionally Kamala Harris who is of mixed Jamaican and Indian heritage is the Vice President of the United States and Anand Satyanand who is of Indo-Fijian descent served as the Governor-General of New Zealand.
In Australia, Indian Australians and India were the largest source of new permanent migrants to Australia in 2017–2018,[233] and Indians were the most educated migrant group in Australia with 54.6% of Indian migrants in Australia holding a bachelor's or higher educational degree, which is more than three times Australia's national average of 17.2% in 2011.[234]
In Britain, British Indians are the largest ethnic minority population in the country,[182] with the highest average hourly pay rate and the lowest poverty rate among all ethnic groups,[235][236][237] and are more likely to be employed in professional and managerial occupations than other ethnic groups.[238][239] Rishi Sunak is the first British Indian (non-white) Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from October 2022.
In Canada, Indo-Canadians are the second largest non-European ethnic group and one of the fastest growing ethnic communities in the country.[240]
In New Zealand, Indian New Zealanders are the fastest growing ethnic group, and are the second largest group of Asians in New Zealand with a population of 174,000 Indians in 2014.[241] Fiji Hindi is the fourth largest language in New Zealand.[241]
In the United States, Indian Americans are the third largest Asian American ethnic group behind Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans,[242][243][244] by far the richest and most educated ethnic group in the USA compared to all other ethnic groups, earning $101,591 median income per year compared to $51,000 and $56,000 for overall immigrant and native-born households in 2015,[245] with the lowest poverty rate compared to other foreign-born and U.S. born ethnic groups.[246] Overall, Indians are also more educated than other ethnic groups with an average of 32% and 40% of Indians holding a bachelor's degree and postgraduate degree respectively, compared to the 30% and 21% average of all Asians in the United States, and the 19% and 11% average of Americans overall.[247] 15.5% of all Silicon Valley startups by 2006 were founded by Indian immigrants,[248][249] and Indian migrants have founded more engineering and technology companies from 1995 to 2005 than immigrants from the UK, China, Taiwan and Japan combined.[250] Over 80% of all H-1B visas are granted to Indian IT professionals and 23% of all Indian business school graduates in USA take up a job in United States.[251]
Issues
editDemand for dual citizenship in India by PIO and NRIs
editCoinciding with Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Australia visit in November 2014, the Indian community in Australia had launched an online campaign, appealing to him to grant dual citizenship to overseas Indians. The petition has also sought granting Indian passports to overseas citizens of Indian heritage with full political and economic rights, granting of convenient voting rights to such dual passport-holding overseas Indians as well as overseas Indians with Indian passports (NRIs), which can be exercised either at the consulate, high commission or embassy premises in their country of residence and through postal or online facilities.[252][253]
See also
edit- Overseas Citizenship of India
- Politicians of Indian descent
- Heads of state and government of Indian origin
- Overseas Indian representation in Indian sports
- Indian nationality law
- Indianisation
- Greater India
- Indosphere
- Anti-Indian sentiment
- Proto-Indo-Europeans
- Indo-Aryan peoples
- Dravidian peoples
- South Asian diaspora
- Romani people
- Romani diaspora
Notes
edit- ^ a b c 2021 census: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Anglo-Indian" (3,340), "Bengali" (26,675), "Goan" (9,700), "Gujarati" (36,970), "Indian" (1,347,715), "Jatt" (22,785), "Kashmiri" (6,165), "Maharashtrian" (4,125), "Malayali" (12,490), "Punjabi" (279,950), "Tamil" (102,170), and "Telugu" (6,670).[187]
- ^ [86]
- ^ comprising Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa – this area resembles a crescent[88] straddling in the middle of Europe, Africa and Asia
- ^ [99]
- ^ This census figure may not include recent immigrants or people of partial Indian ancestry.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Population of Overseas Indians". mea.gov.in. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 2023-02-15. Archived from the original on 2023-10-08. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
- ^ "ASIAN ALONE OR IN ANY COMBINATION BY SELECTED GROUPS. American Community Survey, ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B02018". data.census.gov. United States Census Bureau. 2022. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ a b c "India is a top source and destination for world's migrants". Pew Research Center. 2017-03-03. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia 2022 Census" (PDF). General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-04-28. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
- ^ a b "Population by States and Ethnic Group". penerangan.gov.my. Department of Information, Ministry of Communications and Multimedia, Malaysia. 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-02-12. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ a b "In limbo: The stateless Indians of Myanmar". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
- ^ a b "Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population". statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. 2023-03-29. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ a b "Community Survey 2016 – Statistical Release" (PDF). statssa.gov.za. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2016. p. 31. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom". Office for National Statistics. 2013-10-11. Archived from the original on 2013-10-21. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "International Migrant Stock 2020". un.org. United Nations, Population Division. 2020. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ a b "Kuwait MP seeks five-year cap on expat workers' stay". Gulf News. 2014-01-30. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
- ^ "There are only 50,000 Nigerians living in India, but there are over a million Indians living in Nigeria". aljazeera. Archived from the original on 2024-01-03. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
- ^ a b "A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts. Sri Lanka Census of Population and Housing". statistics.gov.lk. Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka. 2012. Archived from the original on 2018-03-10. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ a b "People in Australia who were born in India". abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ a b "POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS DEMOGRAPHIC REPORT" (PDF). cso.gov.tt. Central Statistics Office, Trinidad & Tobago. 2012. p. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-02. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
NON-INSTITUTIONAL POPULATION BY SEX, AGE GROUP, ETHNIC GROUP AND MUNICIPALITY
- ^ a b "Census of Population 2020 – Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion" (PDF). singstat.gov.sg. Department of Statistics, Singapore. 2020. p. 68. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Indian Resident Population by Age Group, Detailed Ethnic Group and Sex
- ^ a b "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach ausgewählten Geburtsstaaten" [Population in private households by migration background in the broader sense by selected countries of birth]. destatis.de (in German). Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office, Germany). 2022. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Indien [India]
- ^ a b "Indian ethnic group – 2018 census ethnic group summaries". stats.govt.nz. Stats NZ Tatauranga Aotearoa, New Zealand. 2018. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ a b "Foreign citizens: resident population by sex and demographic balance on 31st December 2021". istat.it. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (National Statistics Institute, Italy). Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ a b "Birth different country". redatam.bbs.gov.bd. 2011. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Sumatra's India Connect (2))". jakartaglobe.id. 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ a b "Population of Overseas Indians" (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs (India). 2018-12-31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2019-04-18.
- ^ a b "Jamaica". World Population Policies 2015. 2019. pp. 302–303. doi:10.18356/eada27b7-en. ISBN 9789210576116.[page needed]
- ^ a b "Bevolking; geslacht, lft, generatie en migr.achtergrond, 1 jan; 1996-2022" [Population; gender, age, generation and migration background, Jan 1; 1996-2022]. cbs.nl (in Dutch). Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (Central Bureau of Statistics, Netherlands). May 2022. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Migratieachtergrond [Migration background] | India
- ^ a b "Resident population by date, sex, age group and country of birth". ine.es. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (National Statistics Institute, Spain). Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ a b c d e f "Population on 1 January by age group, sex and country of birth". europa.eu. Eurostat. 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ a b "India and China need a push to encourage more people to live across the border". 2015-05-12. Archived from the original on 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
- ^ a b "Population by country of birth and country of Origin, 31 December 2023, total". scb.se. Statistics Sweden. March 2024. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
- ^ Vapattanawong, Patama (2010). "ชาวต่างชาติในเมืองไทยเป็นใครบ้าง?" [Who are the foreigners in Thailand?] (PDF). mahidol.ac.th (in Thai). p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-18. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
ตาราง 2 จานวน ร้อยละ และร้อยละสะสม ของชาวต่างชาติ10 ลาดับแรก ที่อาศัยอยู่ในประเทศไทย ณ วันสามะโน [Table 2 Number, percentage, and cumulative percentage of the top 10 foreigners living in Thailand as of the census date] | อินเดีย [India]
- ^ "Indian Diaspora Abroad". Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs. 2014-07-09. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
- ^ "Population of Overseas Indians" (PDF). Minister of External Affairs India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-20. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
- ^ "Initiatives for Overseas Indians". Consulate General of India. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
- ^ Planning to Study, Work in Canada? Here's Why Tomorrow's Election Could Amend Immigration Rules Archived 20 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, News18, SEPTEMBER 19, 2021.
- ^ a b Income Tax Act, 2012-12-18, archived from the original on 2012-12-18, retrieved 2012-09-09
- ^ PIO OCI Card - MEA, GOI https://mea.gov.in/Portal/CountryQuickLink/703_PIO-OCI.pdf Archived 9 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sharma, Reetu (2016-03-02). "Modi announces merging of OCI and POI cards, but how will it help: Explained". www.oneindia.com. One India. Archived from the original on 2017-04-22. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
- ^ "Ministry of External Affairs". eoi.gov.in. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ^ Comparative Chart on NRI/PIO/PIO CARD HOLDERS/OCI (PDF), 2020-06-15, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-19, retrieved 2020-06-15
- ^ Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; et al. (2019-09-06). "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia". Science. 365 (6457). doi:10.1126/science.aat7487. PMC 6822619. PMID 31488661.
- ^ Possehl, Gregory L, The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, New Delhi: Dev Publishers & Distributor,2002, Page 231
- ^ "The Indian Diaspora in Russia". St.Petersburg city news. Archived from the original on 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- ^ Kiniry, Laura. "Moon Handbooks New Jersey", Avalon Travel Publishing, 2006. pg. 34 ISBN 1-56691-949-5. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
- ^ Laryssa Wirstiuk (2014-04-21). "Neighborhood Spotlight: Journal Square". Jersey City Independent. Archived from the original on 2018-06-30. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
- ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2". US Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original on 2014-12-22. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
- ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2". US Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original on 2017-07-07. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
- ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2". Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original on 2017-07-07. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
- ^ "India vii. Relations: the Afsharid and Zand Periods". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. 2004-12-15. pp. 21–26. Archived from the original on 2020-02-28. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ "BĀZĀR ii. Organization and Function". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IV. 1989-12-15. pp. 25–30. Archived from the original on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ "India xiii. Indo-iranian Commercial Relations". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. 2004-12-15. pp. 44–47. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ "Kandahar i. Historical Geography to 1979". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XV. 2010-12-15. pp. 466–475. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ "Kabul ii. Historical Geography". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XV. 2009-09-15. pp. 282–303. Archived from the original on 2016-11-16. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ "HERAT vi. THE HERAT QUESTION". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XII. 2003-12-15. pp. 219–224. Archived from the original on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ "Balk". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III. 1988-12-15. pp. 587–596. Archived from the original on 2018-11-17. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ "Afghanistan v. Languages". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I. 1983-12-15. pp. 501–516. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ "Cotton iii. In Afghanistan". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VI. 1993-12-15. pp. 338–351. Archived from the original on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ Claude Markovits (2000-06-22). The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750–1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama. Cambridge University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-139-43127-9. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ "ETHNOGRAPHY (Text)". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IX. 1998-12-15. pp. 9–28. Archived from the original on 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ Schluessel, Eric T. The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday. Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 (PDF) (Doctoral dissertation). Harvard. pp. 207, 208. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-09-22.
- ^ Hultvall, John. Mission and Revolution in Central Asia The MCCS Mission Work in Eastern Turkestan 1892-1938 (PDF). p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-28.
- ^ Nightingale, Pamela; Skrine, C.P. (2013). Macartney at Kashgar: New Light on British, Chinese and Russian Activities in Sinkiang, 1890-1918 (reprint ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1136576164.
- ^ Peter Hopkirk (2001). Setting the East Ablaze: On Secret Service in Bolshevik Asia. Oxford University Press. pp. 97–. ISBN 978-0-19-280212-5. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
- ^ Peter Hopkirk (2012-02-16). Setting the East Ablaze: Lenin's Dream of an Empire in Asia. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-1-84854-725-4. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
- ^ Peter Hopkirk (2001). Setting the East Ablaze: On Secret Service in Bolshevik Asia. Oxford University Press. pp. 191–. ISBN 978-0-19-280212-5. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
- ^ Peter Hopkirk (2012-02-16). Setting the East Ablaze: Lenin's Dream of an Empire in Asia. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-1-84854-725-4. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
- ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986-10-09). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. CUP Archive. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ Peter Hopkirk (2012-02-16). Setting the East Ablaze: Lenin's Dream of an Empire in Asia. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-1-84854-725-4. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
- ^ Peter Hopkirk (2001). Setting the East Ablaze: On Secret Service in Bolshevik Asia. Oxford University Press. pp. 222–. ISBN 978-0-19-280212-5. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ Nils Peter Ambolt (1939). Karavan: Travels in Eastern Turkestan. Blackie & son, limited. p. 169. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986-10-09). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. CUP Archive. pp. 78–. ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986-10-09). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. CUP Archive. pp. 84–. ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ Michael Dillon (2014-08-01). Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century. Routledge. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-1-317-64721-8. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes; Enver Can (1991). Doğu Türkistanʼdaki harp beyleri: Doğu Türkistanʼın, 1911–1949 arası siyasi tarihi. p. 140. Archived from the original on 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
- ^ Ildikó Bellér-Hann (2008). Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880–1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur. BRILL. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-90-04-16675-2. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ Christian Tyler (2004). Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang. Rutgers University Press. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-0-8135-3533-3. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
- ^ Sadasivan, Balaji (2011). The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-9814311670.
- ^ Tan Chung (1998). A Sino-Indian Perspective for India-China Understanding. Archived 6 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Westrip, J. & Holroyde, P. (2010): Colonial Cousins: a surprising history of connections between India and Australia. Wakefield Press. ISBN 1862548412, p. 175.
- ^ "australia.gov.au > About Australia > Australian Stories > Afghan cameleers in Australia". Archived from the original on 2014-08-15.
- ^ Douglas T. McGetchin (2009), Indology, Indomania, and Orientalism: Ancient India's Rebirth in Modern Germany, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, p.17
- ^ Where big can be bothersome[usurped]. The Hindu. 7 January 2001.
- ^ Vapattanawong, Patama (2010). "ชาวต่างชาติในเมืองไทยเป็นใครบ้าง?" [Who are the foreigners in Thailand?] (PDF). mahidol.ac.th (in Thai). p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-18. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
ตาราง 2 จานวน ร้อยละ และร้อยละสะสม ของชาวต่างชาติ10 ลาดับแรก ที่อาศัยอยู่ในประเทศไทย ณ วันสามะโน [Table 2 Number, percentage, and cumulative percentage of the top 10 foreigners living in Thailand as of the census date] | อินเดีย [India]
- ^ "国籍・地域別 在留資格(在留目的)別 在留外国人" [Foreign residents by nationality/region and residence status (purpose of residence)]. e-stat.go.jp (in Japanese). e-Stat (Japanese government statistics portal site). December 2022. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
インド [India]
- ^ "Demographic Characteristics – Ethnicity. 2021 Population Census". census2021.gov.hk. Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 2021. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "The Population and Housing Census Report (BPP) 2021: Demographic, Household and Housing Characteristics" (PDF). deps.mofe.gov.bn. Department of Economic Planning and Statistics, Ministry of Finance and Economy, Brunei Darussalam. 2021. p. 66. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "통계월보" [Statistical monthly report]. moj.go.kr (in Korean). 출입국 외국인정책 (Korea Immigration Service). 2019. p. 16. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
체류외국인 연도별·국적(지역)별 현황 [Current status of foreign residents by year and nationality (region)] | 인도 [India]
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Michael Kort (2005). The Handbook Of East Asia. Lerner Publishing Group. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7613-2672-4. Retrieved 2022-06-26.
South Korea is another emerging economic powerhouse, as is the Republic of China (ROC), a small country that occupies the island of Taiwan in the shadow of its enormous and hostile mainland neighbor, the PRC.
- Fell, Dafydd (2018). Government and Politics in Taiwan. London: Routledge. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-317-28506-9.
Moreover, its status as a vibrant democratic state has earned it huge international sympathy and a generally positive image.
- Campbell, Matthew (2020-01-07). "China's Next Crisis Brews in Taiwan's Upcoming Election". Bloomberg Businessweek. No. 4642. pp. 34–39. ISSN 0007-7135. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
Much has changed in Taiwan since Chiang's day, but this liminal quality has never really gone away. By almost any functional standard, it's a sovereign country
- Carolan, Christopher (May 2000). "The "Republic of Taiwan": Legal-Historical Justification for a Taiwanese Declaration of Independence" (PDF). New York University Law Review. 75 (2): 429–468. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
These six criteria demonstrate that under international law Taiwan merits recognition as an independent state and as such is already a de facto state.
- Donald S. Zagoria (2003-10-30). Breaking the China-Taiwan Impasse. ABC-CLIO. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-0-313-05755-7. OCLC 1058389524. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
Taiwan possesses all of the elements of a sovereign state: a legitimate government, population, and a well-defined territory. The fact is that the People's Republic of China (PRC), while claiming sovereignty over Taiwan, has never ruled Taiwan since the PRC's establishment in 1949. Thus, Taiwan is in fact a sovereign country from our perspective.
- Michael Kort (2005). The Handbook Of East Asia. Lerner Publishing Group. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7613-2672-4. Retrieved 2022-06-26.
- ^ "2022.2Foreign Residents by Nationality". immigration.gov.tw. Ministry of the Interior, National Immigration Agency. 2022. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Middle East Crescent – Norwegian translation: det større Midtøsten (det nye Midtøsten)". proz.com (in Norwegian). 2008-11-28. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
dette området minner om en "crescent"
- ^ "How Saudi Arabia's 'Family Tax' Is Forcing Indians To Return Home". The Huffington Post. 2017-06-21. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
- ^ "Indians brace for Saudi 'family tax'". Times of India. 2017-06-21. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
- ^ Gishkori, Zahid (2015-07-30). "Karachi has witnessed 43% decrease in target killing: Nisar". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
Interestingly, around 16,501 Indians are also living in Pakistan.
- ^ 0.2%"1,184 Indians in Pak jails, says MEA". The Times of India. 2013-05-05. Archived from the original on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2014-11-09.
- ^ "JEWS, BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN(1) AND AGE" (PDF). cbs.gov.il. Central Bureau of Statistics, Israel. 2021. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
הודו ופקיסטן [India and Pakistan]
- ^ a b "Indians in Armenia – why they're coming and what they're doing here". jam-news.net. 2019-01-21. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2019-09-19.
- ^ "Number or immigrants and emigrants by sex and citizenship". geostat.ge. National Statistics Office of Georgia. 2022. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Vatandaşlık ülkesine göre yabancı nüfus" [Foreign population by country of citizenship]. tuik.gov.tr (in Turkish). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (Turkish Statistical Institute). 2022. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ a b c d "Population of Overseas Indians" (PDF). mea.gov.in. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. December 2016. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Migration – International migration". stat.gov.az. The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
7.2. Distribution of person arriving and departing to Azerbaijan for permanent residency
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Tessler, Mark (1994). A History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict (2nd, illustrated ed.). Indiana University Press. p. 722. ISBN 978-0-253-20873-6.
Within two weeks of the PNC meeting, at least fifty-five nations, including states as diverse as the Soviet Union, China, India, Greece, Yugoslavia, Sri Lanka, Malta, and Zambia, had recognised the Palestinian state.
- "Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state". Reuters. 2012-11-29. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
- Tessler, Mark (1994). A History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict (2nd, illustrated ed.). Indiana University Press. p. 722. ISBN 978-0-253-20873-6.
- ^ "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census: Volume IV – Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics". knbs.or.ke. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. December 2019. p. 437. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Table 2.31: Distribution of Population by Ethnicity/Nationality | KENYAN ASIANS | NON-KENYANS – ASIANS
- ^ "Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence". data.un.org. United Nations Statistics Division. 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Foreign-born population by country/area of birth, age and sex". data.un.org. United Nations Statistics Division. 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Banco Interativo – Imigrantes internacionais registrados no Brasil" [Interactive Database – International immigrants registered in Brazil]. nepo.unicamp.br (in Portuguese). Observatório das Migrações em São Paulo – NEPO/UNICAMP (Migration Observatory in São Paulo, Brazil). May 2022. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
País de nascimento [Country of birth] – Índia [India]
- ^ "ASIAN ALONE OR IN ANY COMBINATION BY SELECTED GROUPS. American Community Survey, ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B02018". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. 2021. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 – Conjunto de datos: Población total" [Population and Housing Census 2020 – Data set: Total population]. inegi.org.mx (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía - INEGI (National Institute of Statistic and Geography, Mexico). Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Seleccione las variables [Select the variables, at least two] – Migracion [Migration] – Lugar de nacimiento [Place of birth] | En otro país [In another country] – India
- ^ "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2017" [Population and Housing Census 2017]. ine.cl (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas INE (National Statistics Institute), Chile. 2018. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Cruces [Crosstabs] – Variables de Personas [Population Variables] – País de nacimiento [Country of birth] | India
- ^ "Bharat Dadlani: "La comunidad hindú de Chile se siente como en casa"". Observatorio Asiapacifico. Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile. 2008-10-09. Archived from the original on 2013-11-08. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- ^ "ESTADÍSTICAS DE LA EMIGRACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE PERUANOS E INMIGRACIÓN DE EXTRANJEROS, 1990 – 2017" [STATISTICS OF PERUVIANS' INTERNATIONAL EMIGRATION AND FOREIGNERS' IMMIGRATION, 1990 – 2017] (PDF). inei.gob.pe (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (National Statistics and Informatics Institute, Peru). 2018. p. 239. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
EXTRANJEROS RESIDENTES POR SEXO, SEGÚN NACIONALIDAD AL 2017 [RESIDENT FOREIGNERS BY SEX, ACCORDING TO NATIONALITY AS AT 2017] | India
- ^ "Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018" [National Population and Housing Census 2018]. dane.gov.co (in Spanish). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas DANE (National Administrative Department of Statistics, Colombia). 2018. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Consultar información [Check information] – Cruce de Variables [Variables Crosstabs] – Personas [Population] – País de nacimiento [Country of birth] | India
- ^ Montautti, Maximiliano. "Hay 12.151 extranjeros de 81 países con actividad laboral en Uruguay" [There are 12,151 foreigners from 81 countries with work activity in Uruguay]. El Pais (in Spanish). Montevideo, Uruguay. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "BLA Article – for Indian in Uruguay". Scribd. Archived from the original on 2016-05-31. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- ^ "IX CENSO NACIONAL DE POBLACIÓN Y VIVIENDA 2010 – Informe General" [IX NATIONAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2010 – General Report] (PDF). one.gob.do (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadística (National Statistics Office, Dominican Republic). June 2012. p. 98. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Población nacida en otro país, por zona de residencia y sexo, según país de nacimiento [Population born in another country, by area of residence and sex, according to country of birth] | India
- ^ "Población total nacida en el extranjero por zona y sexo, según país de nacimiento y año de llegada al país" [Total population born abroad by area and sex, according to country of birth and year of arrival in the country]. inec.cr (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (National Institute of Statistics and Censuses, Costa Rica). 2011. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
India
- ^ "ASIAN ALONE OR IN ANY COMBINATION BY SELECTED GROUPS. American Community Survey, ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B02018". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. 2021. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "2012 Census – COMPENDIUM 2 – POPULATION COMPOSITION" (PDF). statisticsguyana.gov.gy. Bureau of Statistics, Guyana. July 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-05. Retrieved 2021-03-25.
- ^ a b "Statistiques ethniques". Insee.fr. Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE). Retrieved 2022-06-24.
- ^ "Belize Population and Housing Census 2010 – Country Report" (PDF). sib.org.bz. The Statistical Institute of Belize. 2013. p. 37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-27. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "2010 HOUSING & POPULATION CENSUS". redatam.org. CSO St.Lucia - The Central Statistics Office. 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Population and housing – Crosstabs of variables – Ethnic group
- ^ "2010 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS – Volume 1" (PDF). barstats.gov.bb. Barbados Statistical Service. September 2013. p. 67. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Non-Institutional Population in Private Dwellings by Ethnic Composition, Sex, Percentage Distribution and Percentage, 2011 and 2001". stats.gov.gd. Central Statistical Office Grenada. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "COMPENDIUM OF STATISTICS 2019". eso.ky. Economics and Statistics Office, Cayman Islands (UK). Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Work Permits By Nationality, 2019
- ^ "POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS REPORT – 2012" (PDF). stats.gov.vc. Statistical Office, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. 2012. p. 39. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-04-22. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Antigua and Barbuda 2011 Housing and Population Census". redatam.org. Statistics Division, Ministry of Finance & Corporate Governance, Antigua and Barbuda. 2019. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Basic tabulations – Crosstabulations – Select variable – Ethnic
- ^ "2000 ROUND OF POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS SUB-PROJECT – NATIONAL CENSUS REPORT – ST. KITTS AND NEVIS" (PDF). caricomstats.org. CARICOM Secretariat. 2009. p. 51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-05. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Virgin Islands 2010 Population and Housing Census Report" (PDF). un.org. p. 65. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Census 2011". cbs.cw. Central Bureau of Statistics Curaçao. 2020-08-12. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Migration – Population by country of nationality
- ^ "2000 ROUND OF POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS SUB-PROJECT – NATIONAL CENSUS REPORT – DOMINICA" (PDF). caricomstats.org. CARICOM Secretariat. 2009. p. 55. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-05. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ a b c "2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom". ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics (ONS). 2013-10-11. Archived from the original on 2013-10-21. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ a b "Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021". ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics (ONS). 2022-11-29. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Local Authorities – Population by ethnic group, 2021, local authorities in England and Wales
- ^ "Ethnic group MS-B01 | Census 2021". nisra.gov.uk. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). September 2022. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Relatório de Imigração, Fronteiras e Asilo – 2022" [Immigration, Borders and Asylum Report – 2022] (PDF). sef.pt (in Portuguese). Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras (Foreigners and Borders Service, Portugal). May 2023. p. 59. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
População Residente (Stock e Fluxo) por nacionalidade e sexo [Resident Population (Stock and Flow) by nationality and sex] | Índia [India]
- ^ Hertogen, Jan (2012). "Beste wensen, inbegrepen aan de 2.738.486 inwoners van vreemde afkomst in België op 01/01/2012" [Best wishes, including to the 2,738,486 inhabitants of foreign origin in Belgium on 01/01/2012]. npdata.be (in Dutch). Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (Central Bureau of Statistics, Netherlands). Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Inwoners België naar land van afkomst op 01/01/2012 (1) - Sorteren langs pijltje [Residents of Belgium by country of origin on 01/01/2012 (1) - Sort by arrow] | Indië [India]
- ^ "Официальные статистические данные – Статистические сведения в отношении иностранных граждан, находящихся на территории Российской Федерации" [Official statistics – Statistical information regarding foreign citizens located on the territory of the Russian Federation]. fms.gov.ru (in Russian). Федеральная Миграционная Служба (Federal Migration Service, Russia). October 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-10-28. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
ИНДИЯ [India]
- ^ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents". ssb.no. Statistics Norway. 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Census 2016 Summary Results - Part 1" (PDF). cso.ie. Central Statistics Office, Ireland. April 2017. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Brief of India-Ireland Bilateral Relations". 2023-05-10. Archived from the original on 2023-05-13. Retrieved 2023-05-14.
- ^ "Map Analyser". statbank.dk. StatBank Denmark. 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Bevölkerung nach detailliertem Geburtsland, Geschlecht und Bundesland 2021" [Population by detailed country of birth, gender and federal state 2021]. statistik.at (in German). Statistik Austria. April 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Indien [India]
- ^ "Foreign permanent resident population by citizenship, 1980-2020". bfs.admin.ch. Swiss Federal Statistical Office. September 2021. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "11rq -- Country of birth according to sex by municipality, 1990-2022". statfin.stat.fi. Statistics Finland. 2023-07-31. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "PRESS RELEASE – Announcement of the demographic and social characteristics of the Resident Population of Greece according to the 2011 Population - Housing Census" (PDF). statistics.gr. Hellenic Statistical Authority, Greece. August 2013. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-25. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Cizinci v ČR podle státního občanství v letech 1994 - 2022 (k 31. 12.)" [Foreigners in the Czech Republic by citizenship in the years 1994–2022 (as at 31 December)]. czso.cz (in Czech). Český statistický úřad (Czech Statistical Office). May 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Indie [India]
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing 2021: Final Report: Population, migration and other social characteristics (Volume 1)". nso.gov.mt. National Statistics Office (NSO), Malta. February 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Population by nationalities in detail 2011 - 2020". statistiques.public.lu. STATEC, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. April 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-04-25. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Usually resident population by citizenship at the beginning of year – Citizenship and Time period". stat.gov.lv. Official Statistics Portal, Latvia. 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "RLV501: POPULATION BY COUNTRY OF BIRTH AND SEX (2000, 2011, 2021)". stat.ee. Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Informație despre numărul străinilor documentați cu permise de ședere în Republica Moldova la data de 31.12.2021" [Information on the number of documented foreigners with residence permits in the Republic of Moldova on 31.12.2021] (PDF). bma.gov.md (in Romanian). Bureau for Migration and Asylum (BMA), Moldova. 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "Population by country of birth, sex and age 1 January 1998-2022". hagstofa.is. Statistics Iceland. November 2022. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "БЕЛАРУСЬ И СТРАНЫ МИРА / BELARUS AND COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD – Статистический сборник / Statistical book" (PDF). belstat.gov.by (in Russian). National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. 2020. p. 47. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Число прибывших в Республику Беларусь на постоянное жительство из других стран [Number of people arriving in the Republic of Belarus for permanent residence from other countries] | Индия [India]
- ^ "Population by country of citizenship, 5-year age groups and sex, Slovenia, annually". stat.si. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
- ^ "POBLACIÓ PER NACIONALITAT" [Population by nationality]. estadistica.ad (in Catalan). Departament d'Estadística del Govern d'Andorra (Statistics Department of the Government of Andorra). January 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
POBLACIÓ PER NACIONALITAT. INDIA [Population by nationality. Indian]
- ^ "Bevölkerungsstatistik" [Population statistics] (PDF). llv.li (in German). Amt für Statistik, Liechtenstein. June 2019. p. 22. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Ständige Bevölkerung nach Staatsbürgerschaft, Geschlecht und Wohngemeinde [Permanent population by citizenship, gender and municipality of residence] | Indien [India]
- ^ "Recensement général de la population 2008" [General population census 2008] (PDF). imsee.mc (in French). Direction de l'Expansion Economique, Monaco. February 2009. p. 31. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
NOMBRE D'INDIVIDUS SUIVANT LE SEXE PAR NATIONALITE [Number of Individuals According to Sex by Nationality] | Inde [India]
- ^ "Census Tables". tongastats.gov.to. Tonga Statistics Department (TSD). 2021. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
Ethnicity | Total population ethnic origin by sex, region, division, district and village
- ^ Pillay, Kathryn (2019). "Indian Identity in South Africa". The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity. pp. 77–92. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_9. ISBN 978-981-13-2897-8.
- ^ Kesavapany, K.; Mani, A; P. Ramasamy (2008). Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 234. ISBN 978-981-230-799-6.
- ^ インド基礎データ. 各国・地域情勢. Tokyo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. January 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
- ^ Kondõ, Masanori (2008-03-10). 対インド関係 「頭脳大国」との視点を. Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2008-12-20. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
- ^ "Fulton News – Breaking News Updates – Latest News Headlines – Photos – News Videos". Newsfultoncounty.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-30. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- ^ "Indians would be protected in Nepal: Rajnath Singh". Indiatoday.intoday.in. 2015-08-31. Archived from the original on 2016-05-23. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- ^ "Where big can be bothersome". The Hindu. 2001-01-07. Archived from the original on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- ^ "Nations sending highest remittances to India – Rupee fall: NRIs in these nations must be happy! - Yahoo India Finance". Yahoo India Finance. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- ^ Alyssa Ayres (2014-02-26). "India's Stakes in the Middle East". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2016-05-02. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- ^ Kesavapany, K.; Mani, A.; Ramasamy, P. (2008). Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812307996. Archived from the original on 2016-04-28. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- ^ "Tamil language, www.tamilculturewaterloo.org". Archived from the original on 2015-04-13.
- ^ "The cultural influence of India, www.philippinealmanac.com". Archived from the original on 2012-07-01.
- ^ Singhs, Ajit (2007). Indian Communities in Southeast Asia. Philippines: Institute of Southeast Asia studies. ISBN 978-981-230-418-6. Archived from the original on 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
- ^ Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia - Google Boeken Archived 30 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Books.google.com. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ^ "Singapore in Figures 2018" (PDF). Singapore Government. January 2018. pp. 16–17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-13. Retrieved 2018-09-28.
- ^ "Khabar: Diaspora: Lessons from Trinidad and Guyana". Archived from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
- ^ "The Tamils of Guadeloupe, more French than Indian?". Archived from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
- ^ Duttagupta, Ishani. "Feisty community of Indian origin entrepreneurs making its presence felt in Curacao". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
- ^ "R. Masakui | Sindhis – Journey from Indus Valley to Jamaica". 2022-03-06. Archived from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
- ^ "From Shikarpur to Caribbean Islands, the story of Sindhi businessmen". 2020-05-08. Archived from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
- ^ "The Sikhs of Trinidad". Archived from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
- ^ "Global Gujjus — now in 129 nations". The Times of India. 2015-01-04. Archived from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
- ^ Degia, Haajima (2018-07-03). "Bajan-Indians: emergent identities of the Gujarati-Muslims of Barbados". South Asian Diaspora. 10 (2): 155–171. doi:10.1080/19438192.2018.1460919. S2CID 149608943.
- ^ "Bangladeshis Find Home in Jamaica – Dollars & Sense". 2017-07-26. Archived from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
- ^ Nakhuda, Sabir (2013). Bengal to Barbados: A 100 Year History of East Indians in Barbados. The Author. ISBN 978-976-8233-71-4. OCLC 1335732999.
- ^ Manuel, Peter (1997). "Music, Identity, and Images of India in the Indo-Caribbean Diaspora". Asian Music. 29 (1): 17–35. doi:10.2307/834410. JSTOR 834410.
- ^ "Hinduism Today - Authentic resources for a billion-strong religion in renaissance". Archived from the original on 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
- ^ a b Chanda, Rupa; Ghosh, Sriparna (2013). "The Punjabi Diaspora in the UK: An Overview of Characteristics and Contributions to India" (PDF). CARIM-India Research Report. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
- ^ DC2201EW - Ethnic group and religion (Excel sheet 21Kb) Archived 23 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ONS. 2015–09-15. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
- ^ "United Kingdom". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2013-02-13. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- ^ "Hansard". Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
- ^ "Meet Superwoman Lilly Singh, biggest YouTube star of Indian origin". The American Bazaar. 2015-08-10. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2022-10-26. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
- ^ The East Indian Community in Canada Archived 4 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Statcan.gc.ca (16 July 2007). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ^ "ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates Geographies Table DP05 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 1996-12-27. Retrieved 2013-04-12.
- ^ "South Asian immigrants are transforming Toronto". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. 2011-07-04. Archived from the original on 2017-04-23. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
- ^ "ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates – 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2014-12-25. Retrieved 2014-12-26.
- ^ "Air Canada Circles the World adding Six New Destinations to its Expanding International Network – Sep 28, 2016". Aircanada.mediaroom.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
- ^ Chandrasekhar, S. (1944-07-26). "Indian Immigration in America". Far Eastern Survey. 13 (15): 141. doi:10.2307/3021823. JSTOR 3021823.
- ^ "Bhagat Singh Thind". Roots in the Sand. Archived 28 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. PBS. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ^ "Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
- ^ "Every 4th non-resident foreign national in US in 2016 an Indian: Report". Archived 20 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine. The Tribune India, 18 September 2019
- ^ Ramisetty-Mikler, Suhasini (January 1993). "Asian Indian Immigrants in America and Sociocultural Issues in Counseling". Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development. 21 (1): 36–49. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1912.1993.tb00581.x.
- ^ "Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2013". Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013. Department of Homeland Security. 2013. Archived from the original on 2015-05-01. Retrieved 2014-12-26.
- ^ "Selected Population Profile in the United States – 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Asian Indian alone". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2020-02-14. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
- ^ "2016 Census Community Profiles: Australia". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 2017-07-04. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
- ^ "Indians become second largest group of migrants in Australia". The Times of India. 2017-06-27. Archived from the original on 2019-07-20. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
- ^ Ministry of External Affairs - Government of India. "Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-10. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
- ^ "Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection" (PDF). Department of Home Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-05. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- ^ "Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection" (PDF). Department of Home Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-09-28. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
- ^ "Fiji population up 50,000 in 10 yrs". Fijilive. 2007-10-31. Archived from the original on 2007-11-02. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
- ^ a b Sadeque, Syeda Samira. "Dhaka has a question: what about the illegal Indian immigrants in Bangladesh?". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ Nachowitz, Todd (2018). Identity and Invisibility: Early Indian Presence in Aotearoa New Zealand, 1769–1850. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 26–61. ISBN 978-0-19-948362-4. Archived from the original on 2020-01-25. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
- ^ Nachowitz, Todd (2015). "Towards a framework of deep diversity: Identity and invisibility in the Indian diaspora in New Zealand". Hamilton, New Zealand. hdl:10289/9442.
- ^ Nachowitz, Todd (2019). "Indian Diaspora in New Zealand". In Ratuva, Steven (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–47. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-0242-8_90-1. ISBN 978-981-13-0242-8. S2CID 182490339.
- ^ "Armenia's migration authorities report unprecedented growth in Indians travelers' number". Tert.am. 2019-09-01. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2019-09-19.
- ^ Vijayanand Kommaluri; R. Subramanian & Anand Sagar K (2005-07-07). "Issues in Morphological Analysis of North-East Indian Languages". Language in India. Archived from the original on 2019-08-05. Retrieved 2007-03-04.
- ^ Ha'aretz, 15 January 2018 "The Indian Jews at the Heart of the Netanyahu-Modi Love Affair". Archived 14 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Expatriate Indians in UAE not hit by global meltdown". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2012-11-09. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
- ^ "Qatar's population by nationality". BQ Doha. 2013-12-18. Archived from the original on 2013-12-22. Retrieved 2014-11-19.
- ^ "Pravasi Bharatiya Divas". Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs. Archived from the original on 2010-11-26.
- ^ "Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) Information". Consulate General of India, New York (1 July 2013). Archived 1 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ^ Srinivas, Junuguru (2019-06-26). "Modi's Cultural Diplomacy and Role of Indian Diaspora". Central European Journal of International and Security Studies. 13 (2): 74–90. doi:10.51870/CEJISS.A130201.
- ^ Musings. "Is there already a $5 trillion 'Indian' economy?". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
- ^ Gaining from Greater Engagement with Indian Diaspora All India Association of Industries
- ^ Kenneth R. Hal (1985). Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8248-0843-3. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
- ^ Guy, John (2014). Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia, Metropolitan museum, New York: exhibition catalogues. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9781588395245. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
- ^ "The spread of Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific". Britannica. Archived from the original on 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
- ^ Kapur; Kamlesh (2010). History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation), 1/e. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 465. ISBN 978-81-207-4910-8. Archived from the original on 2016-04-29. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
- ^ Fussman, Gérard (June 2009). "History of India and Greater India: Himalayan and Central Asian Civilizations. First European Colloquium ofthe European Society for the Study of Himalayan and Central Asian Civilizations, 27-28 April 2009". La lettre du Collège de France (4): 24–25. doi:10.4000/lettre-cdf.756.
- ^ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
- ^ Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2002), "From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia", 25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO, pp. 59–82, archived from the original on 2022-02-20, retrieved 2020-09-25
- ^ Lavy, Paul A. (February 2003). "As in Heaven, So on Earth: The Politics of Visnu, Śiva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilisation". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 34 (1): 21–39. doi:10.1017/S002246340300002X. S2CID 154819912.
- ^ Kulke, Hermann (2004). A history of India. Rothermund, Dietmar 1933- (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0203391268. OCLC 57054139.
- ^ Rehal, Satwinder (2022). "The Sportification and Internationalization of Kabaddi: A Sociological Understanding". The International Journal of Sport and Society. 13 (2): 49–64. doi:10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/v13i02/49-64. S2CID 254318286. ProQuest 2759880056.
- ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe; Therwath, Ingrid (September 2007). "The Sangh Parivar and the Hindu Diaspora in the West: What Kind of 'Long-Distance Nationalism'?". International Political Sociology. 1 (3): 278–295. doi:10.1111/j.1749-5687.2007.00018.x.
- ^ Hiralal, Kalpana (2017-08-22). Global Hindu Diaspora: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-39018-7.
- ^ Kulke, Hermann (2004). A history of India. Rothermund, Dietmar, 1933– (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0203391268. OCLC 57054139.
- ^ "2017–18 Migration Program Report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-12. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
- ^ "Indians found to be Australia's most highly educated migrants". Interstaff Migration. 2016-08-19. Archived from the original on 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
- ^ Gilligan, Andrew (2010-01-14). "It's class, not race, that determines Britain's have-nots". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2010-11-26. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ UK Government. "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, Pay and Benefits: Average Hourly Pay" Archived 21 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Platt, Lucinda (May 2011). "Inequality within ethnic groups" (PDF). JRF programme paper: Poverty and ethnicity. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2012-05-27.
- ^ Beardwell, Julie; Claydon, Tim (2017-06-15). Human Resource Management: A Contemporary Approach. Prentice Hall/Financial Times. ISBN 9780273707639. Archived from the original on 2019-12-24. Retrieved 2019-12-20 – via Google Books.
- ^ UK Government, "Ethnicity Facts and Figures: Work, Pay and Benefits: Employment by Occupation" Archived 20 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Statistics Canada. "The East Indian Community in Canada". Archived from the original on 2015-01-04. Retrieved 2015-11-21.
- ^ a b "New Zealand Migrants – How Many and From Where?". www.enz.org. 2013-06-04. Archived from the original on 2019-12-20. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
- ^ United States Census Bureau. "US demographic census". Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2006-12-16.
- ^ United States Census Bureau. "US demographic census". Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2006-11-19.
- ^ United States Census Bureau. "US demographic census". Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2006-11-19.
- ^ Bureau, U. S. Census. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 1996-12-27. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
{{cite web}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - ^ "Indian Immigrants in the United States". migrationpolicy.org. 2017-08-29. Archived from the original on 2017-12-18. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
- ^ "Indians in the U.S. Fact Sheet". POewsocialtrends.org. 2017-09-08. Archived from the original on 2018-01-18. Retrieved 2018-01-09.
- ^ Saxenian, AnnaLee (1999). "Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs" (PDF). Public Policy Institute of California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
- ^ "The Face of Success, Part I: How the Indians Conquered Silicon Valley". Inc.com. 2012-01-13. Archived from the original on 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
- ^ Assisi, Francis C. (2007-01-04). "News & Analysis: Skilled Indian Immigrants Create Wealth for America". INDOlink. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "Report: 25% of Indian B-School Graduates get a job in Americas". Biharprabha News. Archived from the original on 2014-03-20. Retrieved 2014-03-19.
- ^ "Modi Oz visit: Overseas Indians in Australia seek dual citizenship". The Indian Express. 2014-11-14. Archived from the original on 2017-03-14. Retrieved 2017-06-14.
- ^ "It's time Indian government granted NRIs dual citizenship". Economic Times Blog. Archived from the original on 2017-07-07. Retrieved 2017-06-14.