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Perm, Russia

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This article is about the city. For other uses, see Perm (disambiguation) § Places.

Perm (Russian: Пермь, IPA: [pʲermʲ] ⓘ; Komi-Permyak: Перем; Komi: Перым), previously known as Yagoshikha (Ягошиха; 1723–1781) and Molotov (Молотов; 1940–1957), is the administrative centre of Perm Krai in the European part of Russia. It sits on the banks of the Kama River near the Ural Mountains, covering an area of 799.68 square kilometres (308.76 square miles). With over one million residents[13] Perm is the 15th-largest city in Russia and the 5th-largest in the Volga Federal District.

Perm
Пермь
City[1]
From the top to the left: Kama River and Art Gallery (former Transfiguration Cathedral), Perm Embankment near the Motovilikha plant, A view over the city of Perm, Krasavinsky bridge
Flag
Flag
Coat of arms
Coat of arms
Location of Perm
Map
Perm is located in Perm Krai
Perm
Perm
Location of Perm
Perm is located in European Russia
Perm
Perm
Perm (European Russia)
Perm is located in Europe
Perm
Perm
Perm (Europe)
Coordinates: 58°00′N 56°19′E / 58.000°N 56.317°E / 58.000; 56.317
CountryRussia
Federal subjectPerm Krai[1]
FoundedMay 15, 1723
City status sinceOctober 29, 1781
Government
 • BodyPerm City Duma[2]
 • Mayor[3]Eduard Sosnin[3]
Area
[4]
 • Total799.68 km2 (308.76 sq mi)
Elevation
[5]
171 m (561 ft)
Population
 (2010 Census)[6]
 • Total991,162
 • Estimate 
(2018)[7]
1,051,583 (+6.1%)
 • Rank13th in 2010
 • Density1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi)
 • Subordinated tocity of krai significance of Perm[1]
 • Capital ofPerm Krai,[1] Permsky District[1]
 • Urban okrugPerm Urban Okrug[8]
 • Capital ofPerm Urban Okrug,[8] Permsky Municipal District[9]
Time zoneUTC+5 (MSK+2 Edit this on Wikidata[10])
Postal code(s)[11]
614xxx
Dialing code(s)+7 342[12]
OKTMO ID57701000001
City DayJune 12
Websitewww.gorodperm.ru

Economy

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In 1723, a copper-smelting works was founded at the village of Yagoshikha. In 1781 the settlement of Yagoshikha became the town of Perm. Perm's position on the navigable Kama River, leading to the Volga, and on the Siberian Route across the Ural Mountains, helped it become an important trade and manufacturing centre. It also lay along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Perm grew considerably as industrialization proceeded in the Urals during the Soviet period, and in 1940 was named Molotov in honour of Vyacheslav Molotov. In 1957 the city returned to its historical name.

Modern Perm is still a major railway hub and one of the chief industrial centers of the Urals region. The city's diversified metallurgical and engineering industries produce equipment and machine tools for the petroleum and coal industries, as well as agricultural machinery. A major petroleum refinery uses oil transported by pipeline from the West Siberian oilfields, and the city's large chemical industry makes fertilizers and dyes. The city's institutions of higher education include the Perm A.M. Gorky State University, founded in 1916.

Etymology

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The name Perm is of Uralic etymology (Komi-Permyak: Перем, Perem; Komi: Перым, Perym). Komi is a member of the Permic branch of the Uralic languages, which is also named for Perm. In Finnish and Vepsian perämaa means "far-away land"; similarly, in Hungarian perem means "edge" or "verge". The geologic period of the Permian takes its name from the toponym.

History

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Further information: Great Perm

Perm is located in the old Permiak area. Perm was first mentioned as the village of Yagoshikha (Ягошиха) in 1647; however, the history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the Ural region by Tsar Peter the Great. Vasily Tatishchev, appointed by the Tsar as a chief manager of Ural factories, founded Perm together with another major centre of the Ural region, Yekaterinburg.

In the 19th century, Perm became a major trade and industrial centre with a population of more than 20,000 people in the 1860s, with several metallurgy, paper, and steamboat producing factories, including one owned by a British entrepreneur. In 1870, an opera theatre was opened in the city, and in 1871 the first phosphoric factory in Russia was built. In 1916, Perm State University—a major educational institution in modern Russia—was opened.

 
Pokrovskaya Street (nowadays Lenin street) in central Perm around 1910
 
This house is a typical example of the wooden buildings of Perm in the early 20th century. Location home: 14a, Klimenko str.

After the outbreak of the Russian Civil War, Perm became a prime target for both sides because of its military munitions factories. It was heavily rumored from July–September 1918 that the Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna and her four daughters were imprisoned at the perception and Berezine buildings. According to the File on the Tsar, the Grand Duchess Anastasia would have attempted to flee. On December 25, 1918, the Siberian White Army under Anatoly Pepelyayev (who acknowledged the authority of the Omsk Government of Aleksandr Kolchak), took Perm. On July 1, 1919, the city was retaken by the Red Army.

  • Early color photographs by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, taken in 1910
  •  
    General view of City of Perm
  •  
    General view of the city of Perm from Gorodskiye Gorki
  •  
    Razgulyay, outskirts of the city of Perm
  •  
    Mary Magdalene Church of the city Perm
  •  
    Summertime location of the exchange in the city Perm
  •  
    Staro-Sibirskaya Gate in the city of Perm
  •  
    Kama River near Perm. The bridge still stands today, but another similar bridge has been built alongside it. Both are painted white.
  •  
    Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration in the city of Perm

Soviet period

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In the 1930s, Perm grew as a major industrial city with aviation, shipbuilding, and chemical factories built during that period. During the Great Patriotic War (World War II), Perm was a vital center of artillery production in the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, Perm became a closed city.[14]

Modern city

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TGC-9

The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural[15] centre. The leading industries include machinery, defence, oil production (about 3% of Russian output), oil refining, chemical and petrochemical, timber and wood processing and the food industry.

On September 20, 2021, a mass shooting occurred at Perm State University, resulting in six fatalities and 47 injuries.[16][17][18]

Geography

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The Kama River in Perm
 
Map of Perm and the Yagoshikha River, 1898

The city is located on the bank of the Kama River upon hilly terrain. The Kama is the main tributary of the Volga River and is one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia. This river is the waterway which grants the Ural Mountains access to the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Kama divides the city into two parts: the central part and the right bank part. The city stretches for 70 kilometers (43 mi) along the Kama and 40 kilometers (25 mi) across it. The city street grid parallels the Kama River, travelling generally east–west, while other main streets run perpendicularly to those following the river. The grid pattern accommodates the hills of the city where it crosses them.

Another distinguishing feature of the city's relief is the large number of small rivers and brooks. The largest of them are the Mulyanka, the Yegoshikha, the Motovilikha (all are on the left bank of Kama River), and the Gayva (on the right bank).

Climate

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Perm has a warm summer continental climate (Köppen: Dfb).[19] Winters are long, snowy and quite cold. Summers are moderately warm with cool nights, although summers are shorter than winters. Due to its far inland location, there is a distinct lack of seasonal lag resulting in rapid cooling down of the warm weather as days get shorter. This results in September, October, and November being colder than May, April, and March, respectively.

Climate data for Perm (1991–2020, extremes 1882–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 4.3
(39.7) 		6.0
(42.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		27.3
(81.1) 		34.6
(94.3) 		35.4
(95.7) 		37.5
(99.5) 		37.2
(99.0) 		30.7
(87.3) 		22.5
(72.5) 		11.9
(53.4) 		4.5
(40.1) 		37.5
(99.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −9.3
(15.3) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		0.2
(32.4) 		9.1
(48.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		22.0
(71.6) 		24.0
(75.2) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.5
(58.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		7.3
(45.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −12.5
(9.5) 		−11.3
(11.7) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		3.9
(39.0) 		11.5
(52.7) 		16.2
(61.2) 		18.5
(65.3) 		15.6
(60.1) 		10.0
(50.0) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−10.7
(12.7) 		2.9
(37.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −15.8
(3.6) 		−14.8
(5.4) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		5.8
(42.4) 		10.9
(51.6) 		13.2
(55.8) 		11.2
(52.2) 		6.6
(43.9) 		0.9
(33.6) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−13.7
(7.3) 		−1.0
(30.2)
Record low °C (°F) −44.9
(−48.8) 		−40.8
(−41.4) 		−34.8
(−30.6) 		−23.5
(−10.3) 		−13
(9) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−25.2
(−13.4) 		−38.5
(−37.3) 		−47.1
(−52.8) 		−47.1
(−52.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 45
(1.8) 		33
(1.3) 		34
(1.3) 		37
(1.5) 		55
(2.2) 		89
(3.5) 		78
(3.1) 		88
(3.5) 		64
(2.5) 		63
(2.5) 		56
(2.2) 		48
(1.9) 		690
(27.2)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 48
(19) 		61
(24) 		60
(24) 		19
(7.5) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		2
(0.8) 		12
(4.7) 		30
(12) 		61
(24)
Average rainy days 1 2 4 11 18 18 17 20 21 17 7 3 139
Average snowy days 28 24 19 9 4 0.4 0 0 2 13 24 27 150
Average relative humidity (%) 83 79 72 65 62 68 71 77 80 82 85 85 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 38 79 152 198 275 290 284 226 132 65 37 23 1,799
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[20]
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[21]

Administrative and municipal status

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Perm is the administrative centre of the krai and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Permsky District, even though it is not a part of it.[1] As an administrative division, it is, together with two rural localities, incorporated separately as the city of krai significance of Perm—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Perm is incorporated as Perm Urban Okrug.[8]

City divisions

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Administrative divisions
 
Building of the Perm Administration
 
A view from the new bridge along the Stroiteley Street

For administrative purposes, Perm is divided into seven city districts:

City District Population (2010 Census)[6]
Dzerzhinsky 155,632
Industrialny 157,575
Kirovsky 127,793
Leninsky 48,520
Motovilikhinsky 179,961
Ordzhonikidzevsky 111,204
Sverdlovsky 210,477

Economy

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Perm has the largest industrial output among cities in the Urals, ahead of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and Ufa, although Perm has a smaller population than these. Thirty-five per cent of Perm Oblast's industry is located in Perm.[22] The largest industries in the city are electric power engineering, oil and gas refining, machine building, chemicals and petrochemicals, forestry processing, printing and food industry.[23]

Several major industrial companies are located in Perm: Perm Motors and Aviadvigatel, major suppliers of engines to the Russian aircraft industry; rocket engine company Proton-PM, which will mass-produce the RD-191 engine for the upcoming Angara rocket family; electric engineering firms Morion JSC, Perm Scientific and Industrial Group, and Perm Electrical Engineering Plant; Russia's largest exporter of cables and wires, JSC KAMKABEL; and oil and natural gas companies such as LUKoil-Perm Ltd. and LUKoilPernefteprodukt Ltd.[22]

Transportation

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Perm is an important railway junction on the Trans-Siberian Railway with lines radiating to Central Russia, the north part of the Urals, and the far east of Russia. Perm has two major railway stations, the historical Perm I and the modern Perm II. The Kama River is an important direct link between the European part of Russia to the sea ports on the White, Baltic, Azov, Black, and Caspian seas.[24]

Perm is served by the international airport Bolshoye Savino, which is located 16 km (9.9 mi) southwest of the city.[25]

Perm's public transit network includes tram, bus, and city-railway routes. The formerly important trolleybus service was discontinued in July 2019.

Proposed metro system

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The Perm Metro is a planned construction of a metro system which has been considered. The first plans date back to the 1970s. A feasibility study was compiled in 1990, but economic difficulties during the decade prevented its final planning and construction. The plans were revitalised in the early 2000s, but a lack of funding hampered the project and plans were once again put on hold. Light rail has also been considered.[26]

Culture

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Perm Opera and Ballet House
 
Perm Museum of Contemporary Art (PERMM) in the building of the Perm River Terminal

The Perm Opera and Ballet House is one of the best in Russia.[27][according to whom?] There are many other theatres in Perm, including the Drama Theater, the Puppet Theatre, the Theatre for Young Spectators, the Theatre "Stage Molot", and the mystical At the Bridge Theatre.

Among the cities museums and galleries, the Perm State Art Gallery is recognised for its outstanding collections of art, including paintings from 15th- to 18th-century art movements, and wooden sculptures from the region. It is housed in a notable early 19th-century structure, once an orthodox cathedral. The spire of the museum towers over the rest of Perm, as it is situated on the Komsomolsky Prospect.[28] Perm is receiving attention from the development of the new Museum of Contemporary Art, Perm Museum of Contemporary Art (PERMM) which officially opened in March 2009.[29][30][31]

The RAV Vast steel tongue drum was invented in Perm by Andrey Remyannikov. This instrument is unique in the tongue drum and handpan world because each note has multiple harmonic overtones that resonate with other notes in the drum. The sound consequently has long sustain and reverberation.[32][33]

The Legend of Perm Bear or The Walking Bear is a sculpture depicting a walking bear, which is also shown on the city's coat of arms. It is situated in the central part of the city on Lenin Street, in front of the Organ Concert Hall and close to the building of Legislative Assembly of Perm Krai. The author of the sculpture is Vladimir Pavlenko, a monumentalist sculptor from Nizhny Tagil, member of the Artists' Union of Russia and UNESCO International Association of Arts.[34][35]

The Permyak Salty Ears is a sculpture and one of the most visited tourist attractions in Perm.[36]

Education

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Perm is a scientific centre. Some of the scientific institutes are combined in the Perm Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Perm is a home to several major universities including Perm State University,[37] Perm State Technical University,[38] Perm branch of state university Higher school of economics,[39] Perm State Teachers' Training University, Perm State Medical Academy,[40] Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy,[41] Perm State Agricultural Academy,[42] The Institute of Art and Culture, Perm State Choreographic School,[43] and others. There are also three military schools in Perm.

Demographics

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Religion in Perm (2024)

  Orthodox Christianity (70%)
  Islam (10%)
  Atheists / Non-Religious (15%)
  other christians (4%)
  difficult to say (1%)
Historical population
YearPop.±%
189745,205—    
192682,249+81.9%
1939255,236+210.3%
1959629,118+146.5%
1970850,324+35.2%
1979999,157+17.5%
19891,090,944+9.2%
20021,001,653−8.2%
2010991,162−1.0%
20211,034,002+4.3%
Census data

At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (907,955) was:[44]

Ethnicity Population Percentage
Russians 823,333 90.7%
Tatars 34,253 3.8%
Bashkirs 7,729 0.8%
Komi-Permyaks 7,301 0.8%
Ukrainians 6,507 0.7%
Udmurts 4,847 0.5%
Others 23,985 2.7%

Sports

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The city hosted 2002 European Amateur Boxing Championships.

Club Sport Founded Current League League
Rank		 Stadium
Zvezda 2005 Perm Football 1994 Women's Supreme League 1st Zvezda Stadium
Oktan Perm Football 1958 Russian Second Division 3rd Neftyanik Stadium
Molot-Prikamye Perm Ice Hockey 1948 Higher Hockey League 2nd Universal Sports Palace Molot
Prikamye Perm Volleyball 1983 Volleyball Super League 1st Sukharev Sports Complex
Permskie Medvedi Handball 1999 Handball Super League 1st Permskie Medvedi Sports Complex
Parma Basket Basketball 2012 VTB United League 1st Universal Sports Palace Molot

In 1995–2008, Perm was the location of the Ural Great basketball team — the only Russian basketball champion besides CSKA.

There is also an amateur bandy team called Kama.[45]

Notable people

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Main article: List of people from Perm

The following people were either born in Perm or made names for themselves while residing there.

 
Sergei Diaghilev, 1910
 
Tatiana Totmianina, 2005

Sport

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and

The Nobel-prize-winning writer Boris Pasternak (1890–1960) lived in Perm for a time, and it figures in his novel Doctor Zhivago under the fictional name "Yuriatin" where Yuri sees Lara again in the public library.[46]

Marketing

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Perm is an example of city marketing in Russia, where the city also has a logo.[47]

Twin towns – sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Perm is or has been twinned with:[48]

Oxford City Council bowed to public pressure to end twinning with Perm in 2022 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and "Russia's breaches of international law".[50] The name "Perm" has been removed from welcome signs on roads into Oxford.[51]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Law #416-67
  2. ^ Пермская Городская Дума perm.ru (in Russian)
  3. ^ a b Official website of the Head of Perm Archived November 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  4. ^ "Áàçà äàííûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ìóíèöèïàëüíûõ îáðàçîâàíèé". gks.ru. Russia.
  5. ^ http://perm-map.ru/map833552_0_1.htm. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  7. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c Law #2038-446
  9. ^ Law #1868-402
  10. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  11. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  12. ^ Russian Federation - International Codes - The Phone Book from BT Archived April 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 2014-04-12
  13. ^ "RUSSIA: Privolžskij Federal'nyj Okrug: Volga Federal District". City Population.de. August 4, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  14. ^ Jones, Finn-Olaf (July 22, 2011). "A Bilbao on Siberia's Edge?". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
  15. ^ Jones, Finn-Olaf (July 22, 2011). "A Bilbao on Siberia's Edge? (Published 2011)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  16. ^ Chernova, Anna; Said-Moorhouse, Laurne (September 20, 2021). "6 people killed in shooting at Russian university". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  17. ^ "Появились новые данные о погибших и пострадавших в результате стрельбы в Перми". Новости России и мира 24 часа в сутки - N4K.RU (in Russian). Retrieved September 21, 2021.
  18. ^ "Стрельба в университете в Перми унесла жизни 6 или 8 человек". Информационное агентство "Рассвет" - Rassvet-info.ru (in Russian). September 21, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  19. ^ "Perm, Russia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  20. ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  21. ^ "Perm Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  22. ^ a b Industry Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Perm City Administration
  23. ^ English version Archived May 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine City of Perm. Department of Industrial Policy, Investment and Entrepreneurship
  24. ^ Transport infrastructure Archived October 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine — Perm regional server.
  25. ^ "Объемы перевозок через аэропорты России" [Transportation volumes at Russian airports]. www.favt.ru (in Russian). Federal Air Transport Agency. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  26. ^ "UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Russia > PERM' Metro Project". Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2013. Perm' Metro Project; article (includes map); Urban Rail online; accessed .
  27. ^ "Барыкина Л. Пермяки высадились на Манхэттене//Ведомости от 25.01.2008". Vedomosti.ru. January 25, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  28. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 26, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. ^ "Perm Museums' Plan Dubbed the 'New Bilbao'". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  30. ^ Kishkovsky, Sophia (May 28, 2009). "Modern Dance and Art Bring a Burst of Color to a Gray City". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  31. ^ Nechepurenko, Ivan (August 24, 2016). "Moscow Crushes an Uprising, This Time an Artistic One (Published 2016)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  32. ^ RAV Vast - Steel Tongue Drum (November 24, 2016), Creation of RAV Drum, archived from the original on December 21, 2021, retrieved April 24, 2018
  33. ^ "RAV Vast drum. Easy and enjoyable tongue drum". ravvast.com. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  34. ^ (in Russian) В центре Перми появился бурый медведь Archived December 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine — РИА «Новый Регион».
  35. ^ (in Russian) На пермских улицах появился медведь. Archived 2007-07-06 at archive.today
  36. ^ ПермячOk (December 7, 2019). "Пермяк солёные уши: история, памятник, где находится". ПермячOk (in Russian). Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  37. ^ "Perm State University". Psu.ru. Archived from the original on November 25, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  38. ^ "Заставка - Пермский государственный технический университет". Pstu.ru. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  39. ^ "Государственный университет - Высшая школа экономики". Hse.perm.ru. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  40. ^ Perm State Academy Of Medicine Archived October 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ "Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy". www.psfa.ru. Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  42. ^ "Perm State Agricultural Academy". Pgsha.ru. Archived from the original on June 6, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  43. ^ Site developed by Perm RCI PSTU. "Perm State Ballet college". Balletschool.perm.ru. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
  44. ^ "Итоги::Пермьстат". Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  45. ^ ""Kama" Perm". Russian Bandy.
  46. ^ News June 2006 oxfordperm-assoc.org [dead link]
  47. ^ Artemy Lebedev thought up a logo of the Perm city (rus)
  48. ^ "Города-побратимы Перми". gorodperm.ru (in Russian). Perm. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  49. ^ Hughes, Tim (March 4, 2022). "Oxford City Council ends unpopular Perm twin link in U-turn". Oxford Mail. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
  50. ^ "End of official twinning agreement with Perm". Oxford City Council. March 8, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
  51. ^ Adie, Shosha (March 9, 2022). "Oxford council removes Russian twin town from welcome sign". Oxford Mail. Retrieved January 7, 2024.

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Sources

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  • Законодательное собрание Пермской области. Закон №416-67 от 28 февраля 1996 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Пермского края», в ред. Закона №504-ПК от 9 июля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Пермской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Пермского края"». Вступил в силу с момента опубликования. Опубликован: "Звезда", №38, 12 марта 1996 г. (Legislative Assembly of Perm Oblast. Law #416-67 of February 28, 1996 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Perm Krai, as amended by the Law #504-PK of July 9, 2015 On Amending the Law of Perm Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Perm Krai". Effective as of the moment of publication.).
  • Законодательное собрание Пермской области. Закон №2038-446 от 11 февраля 2005 г. «Об утверждении границ и о наделении статусом муниципального образования "Город Пермь" Пермского края», в ред. Закона №499-ПК от 16 октября 2009 г «О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Пермской области и Коми-Пермяцкого автономного округа». Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования (12 марта 2005 г.), за исключением отдельных положений, вступивших в силу в иные сроки. Опубликован: "Российская газета", №41, 2 марта 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Perm Oblast. Law #2038-446 of February 11, 2005 On Establishing the Borders and on Granting the Status to the Municipal Formation of the "City of Perm" of Perm Krai, as amended by the Law #499-PK of October 16, 2009 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. Effective as of the day which is ten days following the day of the official publication (March 12, 2005), with the exception of certain clauses, which took effect on different dates.).
  • Законодательное собрание Пермской области. Закон №1868-402 от 1 декабря 2004 г. «Об утверждении границ и о наделении статусом муниципальных образований Пермского района Пермского края», в ред. Закона №273-ПК от 14 декабря 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Пермской области, Коми-Пермяцкого автономного округа, Пермского края». Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Бюллетень Законодательного Собрания и администрации Пермской области", №1, II часть, 27 января 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Perm Oblast. Law #1868-402 of December 1, 2004 On Establishing the Borders and on Granting the Status to the Municipal Formations of Permsky District of Perm Krai, as amended by the Law #273-PK of December 14, 2013 On Amending Various Laws of Perm Oblast, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, Perm Krai. Effective as of the day which is ten days following the day of the official publication.).
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  1. ^ "Perm Online". Perm City Forum.
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