Periodic tense is a subtype of the grammatical category of tense, which encodes that the event expressed by the verb occurs within a particular period of the day (such as ‘at night’, ‘in the morning’ etc.) or of the year (‘in winter’, ‘in summer’ etc.).[1] Its does not encode a relation to a particular point of reference, unlike deictic tense, the grammatical expression of time reference (usually past, present or future) relative either to the moment of speaking (absolute tense) or to another point of reference (relative tense).

Periodic tense is geographically restricted to Northern America, the Western Amazon region, the Sepik region, Arnhem land and it is almost entirely absent from languages of Africa and Eurasia, which the exception of Chukotkan languages.[1]: 12–14 

Periodic tense in Nez Perce

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Periodic tense can be illustrated with data from Nez Perce, which has one of the richest paradigms, comprising matutinal, diurnal, vesperal, nocturnal and hivernal, as illustrated in the following examples[2]

méy-tip-se

MAT-eat.meal-PRS:SG

méy-tip-se

MAT-eat.meal-PRS:SG

‘I am having breakfast.’

halx̣pa-típ-sa

DIU-eat.meal-PRS:SG

halx̣pa-típ-sa

DIU-eat.meal-PRS:SG

‘I am eating lunch.’

kulewí·-tip-se

VESP-eat.meal-PRS:SG

kulewí·-tip-se

VESP-eat.meal-PRS:SG

‘I am eating supper.’

te·w-c͗íq-ce

NOCT-talk-PRS:SG

te·w-c͗íq-ce

NOCT-talk-PRS:SG

‘I am talking at night.

ʔelíw-tin̉k-ce

HIB-die-PRS:SG

ʔelíw-tin̉k-ce

HIB-die-PRS:SG

‘I am starving in winter.’

Reconstructibility

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Periodic tense systems are at least partially reconstructible in some language families. In proto-Sahaptian for instance, nocturnal *têw- and matutinal *mêy-, from which Nez Perce nocturnal te·w- and matutinal méy- above originate, have been reconstructed by Aoki (1962).

In Tacanan languages, four periodic tense markers are reconstructible,[1]: 16  whose reflexes in Cavineña or the following: diurnal -chinepe, nocturnal -sisa, auroral -wekaka and vesperal -apuna (Guillaume 2008:126).

Attested subtypes

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16 subtypes of periodic tense markers have been identified in Jacques (2023:7, Table 2), with a latinate terminology for each specific time period.

Terminology for periodic tense markers across the world's languages[1]: 7 
Period Term Example Reference
at dawn AURORAL Cavineña -wekaka Guillaume (2008:126)
in the morning MATUTINAL Nez Perce mey- Aoki (1994)
at noon MERIDIAL Berik Westrum (1988:154)
in the afternoon POSTMERIDIAL May River Iwam -tep Foley (2018:286)
in the evening VESPERAL Nez Perce kulewi- Aoki (1994)
in the night NOCTURNAL Nez Perce te·w- Aoki (1994)
during the day DIURNAL May River Iwam -harok Foley (2018:286)
all day PANEMERIAL Chácobo =baina Tallman (2018: 876–878)
all night PANNUCHIAL Jarawara =haba Dixon (2004:136)
until dawn ADAURORAL Awtuw =alw Feldman (1986:119)
until noon ADMERIDIAL Omaha -míthumoⁿshi Marsault (2021:309)
until afternoon ? Alamblak -krif Bruce (1979:275)
until nightfall ADNOCTURNAL Omaha -hoⁿ Marsault (2021:309)
during winter HIBERNAL Arapaho cecin- Cowell and Moss (2006:217-218)
during the spring VERNAL Arapaho benii’ow- Cowell and Moss (2006:217-218)
during the summer ESTIVAL Arapaho biicen- Cowell and Moss (2006:217-218)
during the fall AUTUMNAL Arapaho toyoun- Cowell and Moss (2006:217-218)

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d Jacques (2023).
  2. ^ Data from Aoki (1994: 751–2), interlinear glosses from Jacques (2023:2-3).

Bibliography

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  • Aoki, Haruo. 1962. Nez Perce and Northern Sahaptin: A binary comparison. International Journal of American Linguistics 28(3). 172–182.
  • Aoki, Haruo. 1994. Nez Perce dictionary. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 112). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09763-7.
  • Bruce, Leslie P. 1979. A grammar of Alamblak (Papua New Guinea). Canberra: Australian National University dissertation.
  • Cowell, Andrew & Alonzo Sr. Moss. 2006. The Arapaho language. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
  • Dixon, R. M. W. (2004). The Jarawara language of Southern Amazonia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-927067-8.
  • Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of the Sepik-Ramu basin and environ". In Bill Palmer (ed.). The languages and linguistics of the New Guinea area. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432.
  • Feldman, Harry. 1986. A grammar of Awtuw. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
  • Guillaume, Antoine. 2008. A grammar of Cavineña. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Jacques, Guillaume (2023). "Periodic tense markers in the world's languages and their sources". Folia Linguistica. 57 (3): 539–562. doi:10.1515/flin-2023-2013.
  • Marsault, Julie. 2021. Valency-changing operations in Umóⁿhoⁿ: Affixation, incorporation and syntactic constructions. Paris: Université Paris III dissertation.
  • Tallman, Adam J. 2018. A grammar of Chácobo (Pano), a southern Pano language of the northern Bolivian Amazon. Austin: University of Texas at Austin dissertation.
  • Westrum, Peter. 1988. Berik grammar sketch. Irian 16. 133–181.