Penares is a widely distributed genus of demosponges. [2]
| Penares | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Demospongiae |
| Order: | Tetractinellida |
| Family: | Geodiidae |
| Subfamily: | Erylinae |
| Genus: | Penares Gray, 1867 |
| Type species | |
| Penares helleri (Schmidt, 1864)
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| Species | |
|
See text. | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Description edit
These sponges are irregularly massive and have a thin cortex. Species belonging to this genus have dichotriaenes (spicules with pairs of branched rays) and oxeas (needle-like spicules with both ends pointed). Smooth microrhabds (modified microxeas (small oxeas) or microstrongyles (small rods with both ends blunt or rounded)) form a crust in the ectosome. Euasters (star-shaped microscleres with multiple rays radiating from a central point) may also be present.[3]
Species edit
The following species are recognised: [1]
- Penares alatus (Lendenfeld, 1907)
- Penares angeli Sim-Smith, Hickman & Kelly, 2021
- Penares anisoxia Boury-Esnault, 1973
- Penares apicospinatus Desqueyroux-Faúndez & van Soest, 1997
- Penares astronavis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
- Penares aureus Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
- Penares candidatus (Schmidt, 1868)
- Penares chelotropa Boury-Esnault, 1973
- Penares cortius de Laubenfels, 1930
- Penares deformis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
- Penares dendyi (Hentschel, 1912)
- Penares euastrum (Schmidt, 1868)
- Penares foliaformis Wilson, 1904
- Penares hartmeyeri (Uliczka, 1929)
- Penares helleri (Schmidt, 1864)
- Penares hilgendorfi (Thiele, 1898)
- Penares hongdoensis Jeon & Sim, 2009
- Penares incrustans Tanita, 1963
- Penares intermedius (Dendy, 1905)
- Penares kermadecensis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
- Penares mastoideus (Schmidt, 1880)
- Penares metastrosus (Lebwohl, 1914)
- Penares micraster Lévi, 1993
- Penares mollis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
- Penares nux (de Laubenfels, 1954)
- Penares ochraceus (Carter, 1886)
- Penares okokewae Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
- Penares orbis Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
- Penares orthotriaena Burton, 1931
- Penares palmatoclada Lévi, 1993
- Penares saccharis (de Laubenfels, 1930)
- Penares scabiosus Desqueyroux-Faúndez & van Soest, 1997
- Penares schulzei (Dendy, 1905)
- Penares sclerobesus Topsent, 1904
- Penares sineastra Van Soest, 2017
- Penares sollasi Thiele, 1900
- Penares sphaera (Lendenfeld, 1907)
- Penares turmericolor Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
- Penares tylotaster Dendy, 1924
- Penares vermiculatus Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019
References edit
- ^ a b "Penares". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- ^ "Penares". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- ^ Hooper, John N. A. (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922", Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 412–431, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_51, ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5, retrieved 2021-09-30