Panagrolaimus superbus is a species of terrestrial free-living nematode (roundworm). P. superbus, like other species within the Panagrolaimus genus, exhibits the ability to enter anhydrobiosis for extended periods of time.[2]
| Panagrolaimus superbus | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Nematoda |
| Class: | Secernentea |
| Order: | Tylenchida |
| Family: | Panagrolaimidae |
| Genus: | Panagrolaimus |
| Species: | P. superbus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Panagrolaimus superbus | |
Ecology
editP. superbus is a non-parasitic terrestrial bacterivore, commonly found on grasses such as rye.[3][4] It is found in continental Europe, as well as Surtsey, Iceland.[5][3]
Metabolism
editIn order to combat rapid desiccation, P. superbus has several constitutive genes that allow the accumulation of trehalose, even under normal metabolic circumstances, that acts as a protective layer and an intracellular protection mechanism.[5][6] P. superbus also has several inducible genes that upregulate in response to desiccation, genes responsible for enzymes such as gpx, dj1 and 1 Cys-Prx to help scavenge and reduce reactive oxygen species, mitogen-activated protein kinases that phosphorylate heat shock proteins such as Hsp27 to stabilise microfilaments, and casein kinase 2 that helps in DNA repair, among others.[7] P. superbus's ability to enter anhydriobiosis has given it polyextremotolerance, a tolerance of various extreme environments, being the first multi-cellular organism able to withstand immersion and reproduce in heavy water, albeit with a reduced metabolic rate, withstand immersion in gallium, and tolerate g-forces up to 400,000 times the Earth's.[8][9][10]
References
edit- ^ "Panagrolaimus superbus". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
- ^ Shannon AJ, Tyson T, Dix I, et al. (19 June 2008). "Systemic RNAi mediated gene silencing in the anhydrobiotic nematode Panagrolaimus superbus". BMC Molecular Biology. 9 (58): 58. doi:10.1186/1471-2199-9-58. PMC 2453295. PMID 18565215.
- ^ a b Muschiol D, Traunspurger W (2007). "Life cycle and calculation of the intrinsic rate of natural increase of two bacterivorous nematodes, Panagrolaimus sp. and Poikilolaimus sp. from chemoautotrophic Movile Cave, Romania". Nematology. 9 (2): 271–284. doi:10.1163/156854107780739117. Retrieved 8 November 2022 – via EBSCO Information Services.
- ^ Williams MS, Seraphin S (September 1998). "Heavy metal biomineralization in free-living nematodes, Panagrolaimus spp". Materials Science and Engineering C. 6 (1): 47–51. doi:10.1016/S0928-4931(98)00034-4.
- ^ a b Shannon AJ, Browne JA, Boyd J, et al. (15 June 2005). "The anhydrobiotic potential and molecular phylogenetics of species and strains of Panagrolaimus (Nematoda, Panagrolaimidae)". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 208 (12): 2433–2445. doi:10.1242/jeb.01629. PMID 15939782. S2CID 14863741. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ McGill LM, Shannon AJ, Pisani D, et al. (6 March 2015). Liang W (ed.). "Anhydrobiosis and Freezing-Tolerance: Adaptations That Facilitate the Establishment of Panagrolaimus Nematodes in Polar Habitats". PLOS One. 10 (3): e0116084. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1016084M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116084. PMC 4352009. PMID 25747673. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ Tyson T, Zamora GO, Wong S, et al. (26 January 2012). "A molecular analysis of desiccation tolerance mechanisms in the anhydrobiotic nematode Panagrolaimus superbus using expressed sequenced tags". BMC Research Notes. 5: 68. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-68. PMC 3296651. PMID 22281184.
- ^ Souza TJ, Carli GJ, Pereira TC (28 March 2017). "Survival potential of the anhydrobiotic nematode Panagrolaimus superbus submitted to extreme abiotic stresses". ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal. 14 (1): 85–93. doi:10.25431/1824-307X/isj.v14i1.85-93. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ Pereira TC, Giuliatti S, Contiliani DF, et al. (30 October 2022). "An Animal Able To Tolerate D2O". ChemBioChem. 22 (6): 988–991. doi:10.1002/cbic.202000642. PMID 33125805. S2CID 226218470 – via Wiley.
- ^ Contiliani DF, Ribeiro YA, Moraes VN, et al. (18 May 2020). "Panagrolaimus superbus tolerates hypoxia within Gallium metal cage: implications for the understanding of the phenomenon of anhydrobiosis". The Journal of Nematology. 52 (52): 1–6. doi:10.21307/jofnem-2020-046. PMC 7266057. PMID 32421263.