Palaeeudyptes is an extinct genus of large penguins, currently containing four accepted species. They were probably larger than almost all living penguins, with the smaller species being about the size of an emperor penguin, and the largest species, Palaeeudyptes klekowskii, having stood up to 2 meters (6.6 ft) tall and weighed up to 116 kg (256 lb).[3]
| Palaeeudyptes Temporal range:
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| Huxley’s original illustration of the fossil of an ankle bone from Palaeeudyptes antarcticus described in 1859. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Sphenisciformes |
| Family: | Spheniscidae |
| Subfamily: | †Palaeeudyptinae |
| Genus: | †Palaeeudyptes Huxley, 1859[1] |
| Type species | |
| Palaeeudyptes antarcticus Huxley, 1859
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| Species | |
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Palaeeudyptes antarcticus | |
| Synonyms | |
Known species edit
Of the four species, two (P. gunnari and P. klekowskii) are known from numerous remains found in Middle or Late Eocene strata (34 to 50 MYA) of the La Meseta Formation on Seymour Island, Antarctica. P. antarcticus, the first fossil penguin described, is only really known from a single incomplete tarsometatarsus found in the Late Oligocene Otekaike Limestone (23 to 28, possibly up to 34 MYA) at Kakanui, New Zealand, but numerous other bones have been tentatively assigned to the species. The other described New Zealand species, P. marplesi, is known from parts of a skeleton, mainly leg bones, from the Middle or Late Eocene Burnside Mudstone (34 to 40 MYA) at Burnside, Dunedin. To this species also a number of additional remains have been tentatively assigned. The problem with the indeterminate New Zealand specimens is that they at least in part are intermediate in size between the two species.[4] It may be that P. marplesi simply evolved into the smaller P. antarcticus. Bones unassignable to species also were found on Seymour Island, but in these cases they seem to be from juvenile individuals or are simply too damaged to be of diagnostic value.[5]
In addition, an incomplete right tibiotarsus (South Australian Museum P10862) and one left humerus (South Australian Museum P7158) and assignable to this genus were found in the Late Eocene Blanche Point Marls at Witton Bluff near Adelaide, Australia.[6][4] Additionally, an incomplete humerus identified as Palaeeudyptes was recovered in southernmost Chile,[7] from middle to late Eocene beds of the Río Turbio Formation, near Puerto Natales, 200 km (120 mi) south from Torres del Paine National Park.[citation needed]
Phylogeny edit
The supposed genus Wimanornis, based on two Seymour Island humeri, is apparently a synonym of P. gunnari.[5]
The genus is the namesake for the subfamily of primitive penguins, Palaeeudyptinae. Altogether, their osteological characteristics seem to have been somewhat less advanced that those of the slightly smaller Archaeospheniscus and about on par with the gigantic Anthropornis. The exact nature of the relationship of the Palaeeudyptinae to modern penguins is unknown.[citation needed]
See also edit
- Kairuku, a genus historically referred to as Palaeeudyptes
References edit
- ^ Huxley, Thomas Henry (February 1859). "On a Fossil Bird and a Fossil Cetacean from New Zealand". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 15 (1–2): 670–677. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1859.015.01-02.73. ISSN 0370-291X. S2CID 130362530.
- ^ Simpson, George Gaylord (28 September 1971). "Review of Fossil Penguins from Seymour Island". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 178 (1053): 357–387. doi:10.1098/rspb.1971.0070. JSTOR 75962. S2CID 84900109.
- ^ Hospitaleche, Carolina A. (2014). "New giant penguin bones from Antarctica: Systematic and paleobiological significance". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 13 (7): 555–560. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2014.03.008. hdl:11336/32571.
- ^ a b Simpson, George Gaylord (23 June 1971). "A review of the pre-Pleistocene penguins of New Zealand" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 144: 319–378. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2007.
- ^ a b Jadwiszczak, Piotr (2006). "Eocene penguins of Seymour Island, Antarctica: Taxonomy" (PDF). Polish Polar Research. 27 (1): 3–62. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2007.
- ^ Simpson, George Gaylord (8 August 1946). "Fossil Penguins" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 87: 7–99. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2007.
- ^ Sallabery, Michel A.; Yury-Yáñez, Roberto E.; Otero, Rodrigo A.; Soto-Acuña, Sergio; Torres G., Teresa (November 2010). "Eocene Birds from the Western Margin of Southernmost South America" (PDF). Journal of Paleontology. 84 (6): 1061–1071. doi:10.1666/09-157.1. JSTOR 40925983. S2CID 130993018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2021 – via the University of Chile.