Wikipedia

Operation Prosperity Guardian

Operation Prosperity Guardian is a United States-led military operation by a multinational coalition formed in December 2023 to respond to Houthi-led attacks on shipping in the Red Sea.[8]

Operation Prosperity Guardian
Part of the Red Sea crisis and the Yemeni civil war
Date18 December 2023 – present
(4 months, 1 week and 2 days)
Location
Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Yemen
Status Ongoing
Belligerents

 Yemen (SPC)

 United States Navy[1]
 Royal Navy
 Royal Australian Navy
 Royal Bahrain Naval Force
 Royal Canadian Navy
 Royal Danish Navy
 Finnish Navy
 Hellenic Navy
 Royal Netherlands Navy
 Royal New Zealand Navy[2]
 Royal Norwegian Navy
 Republic of Singapore Navy
 Sri Lanka Navy[3]
Supported by:
 Seychelles Coast Guard
Commanders and leaders
Strength
Yemen Unclear (see Houthi armed strength) Unknown
Casualties and losses
10 deaths, 2 injured[6] Unknown

Bab-el-Mandeb transits by cargo vessels
over 10,000 deadweight tonnage (approx.)[7]

         Before attacks

         After first Houthi ship seizure/attack (19 November 2023)

         After naval protection operation started (18 December 2023)

         After US/UK attack on Yemen mainland (12 January 2024)

100
200
300
400
500
600
45 Week in 2023
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
1 Week in 2024
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Following the breakout of the ongoing Israel–Hamas war in October 2023, the Houthi movement in Yemen blockaded Israel in the Red Sea and launched a series of attacks against commercial vessels heading or related to Israel, with the stated purpose of preventing the bombing of Gaza and forcing Israel to let food and medicine into the strip.[9][10][11] On 18 December 2023, U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin announced the formation of an international maritime security force aimed at ending the blockade[12] and countering threats by Houthi forces against international maritime commerce in the region.[13]

The coalition currently has more than 20 members, of which ten are anonymously involved.[14][15] Egypt and Saudi Arabia, both economically reliant on unhindered commercial shipping in the area, are absent from the listed participants.[16] France, Italy and Spain have also declined to participate.[17] The chairman of the Suez Canal Authority, Usama Rabia, claimed that "navigation traffic in the Suez Canal was not affected by what is happening in the Red Sea".[18] Nevertheless, on 10 January, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) adopted a resolution demanding a cessation of Houthi attacks on merchant vessels.[19]

The day of the UNSC resolution, the Houthis launched their largest-ever barrage of 18–24 attack drones and missiles at international ships and warships in the Red Sea.[20][21] In response, on 12 January, the coalition launched its first airstrikes against Houthi targets in Yemen, to which the Houthis have pledged to retaliate.[22]

Background

See also: Red Sea crisis

The operation aims to ensure both the freedom of navigation and the safety of maritime traffic in the Red Sea, Bab al-Mandeb and Gulf of Aden.[1] Following the start of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, multiple civilian container and freight ships were attacked and hijacked in the Gulf of Aden by Houthi forces.[23] Houthi forces stated that only vessels with links to Israel are targeted, though vessels without links to Israel have been targeted, possibly due to misidentification from many vessels turning off their automatic identification system signal during transit.[24][25] The Houthis claim the attacks will end if Israel allows humanitarian supplies to enter Gaza; the attempted blockade is seen as a way to pressure Israel's Western allies to work to restrain Israeli operations in the war.[26] As of 1 January 2024, at least seventeen civilian vessels have been attacked.

The waterways to and from the Red Sea are shipping chokepoints for the global economy which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean and the Suez Canal with the Horn of Africa.[27] This had led to the 2023 situation being dubbed "a new Suez Crisis" by The Economist.[28]

A considerable number of freighters have continued to transit, with mostly large container ships diverting away rather than other shipping, with the strait continuing to be heavily used by bulk carriers and tankers which are under different contract arrangements and often from countries supportive of Gaza's situation so perceiving a minimal risk from ongoing Houthi attacks.[29] In the first week of January 2024 the average number of freighters active each day in the Red Sea included 105 bulk carriers and 58 tankers, down from 115 bulk carriers and 70 tankers the week before.[25] In contrast, six of the ten largest container shipping companies were largely avoiding the Red Sea,[30] with relatively few container ships transiting the Bab al-Mandeb strait from 18 December 2023.[31]

Forces

Combined Task Force 153, under control of the U.S. Combined Maritime Forces,[1] will control the vessels of the operation, which currently include the United States Navy's Carrier Strike Group 2.[32] This strike group consists of the aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and her escorting Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, USS Gravely, USS Laboon and USS Mason.[33][34] Other countries' vessels involved include the British destroyer HMS Diamond and frigate HMS Richmond, with Greece also announcing plans to send one frigate to the region.[5][35][36] Denmark would initially announce they would be sending one officer to aid the operation but made an additional announcement on 29 December 2023 that a frigate would also be sent.[8][37][38]

Australia announced that it will send 11 military personnel but rejected a US request to send a warship.[39][40] The Canadian Armed Forces will deploy an unspecified number of land, air and sea support vehicles.[41] Canada is sending three staff officers by way of Operation Artemis.[42] The Netherlands plans to send two staff officers. Norway plans on dispatching up to ten staff officers, but as of 21 December is not sending any vessels.[43] Singapore will be deploying a team from the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN)'s Information Fusion Centre to support information sharing and engagement outreach to the commercial shipping community, as well as a senior national representative to the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF).[44][45]

Seychelles is not deploying any vessels or personnel, and limits its participation to "providing and receiving information" as a member of Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) (which is based in Bahrain).[46] On 23 January 2024, New Zealand sent six New Zealand Defence Force personnel to help provide maritime security in the Red Sea including "precision targeting."[47]

On 24 February 2024 Sri Lanka Navy confirmed that one of its ships had completed its maiden patrol in the Bab el-Mandeb Strait and was returning to the island but didn't clarify the dates, name of the ship or plans for further patrols.[48] It was later revealed to be SLNS Gajabahu and the Sri Lankan government confirmed that patrols would continue.[49][50]

Finland announced on 8 March 2024 that the country would send up to two soldiers to support Operation Prosperity Guardian, in addition to supporting the European Union-led Operation Aspides.[51]

Attacks on shipping

Main article: Timeline of the Red Sea crisis
List of attacks after the announcement of Operation Prosperity Guardian
Ship Flag Date Attack Type Details Losses Ref
Blaamanen   Norway 23 December 2023 One-way drone attack Attack failure; no damage. Owner and operator Hansa Tankers (Norwegian). [52][53]
Sai Baba   Gabon 23 December 2023 Drone strike Struck by a one-way attack drone; no injuries reported. [52][54]
MSC United VIII   Liberia 26 December 2023 Naval missile attack Several explosions near the vessel; no injuries reported. [55][56]
Maersk Hangzhou   Singapore 30–31 December 2023 Anti-ship missile attack / attempted piracy Militants attacked, hit vessel; no injuries. Failed hijacking attempt on 31 December. 10 Houthis dead / 3 gunboats [6][57]
USS Dwight D. Eisenhower

USS Gravely USS Laboon USS Mason USS Florida HMS Diamond

  United States Navy

  Royal Navy

10 January 2024 Omnibus attack: UAVs, cruise and ballistic missiles In the 26th Houthi attack and the largest to date (as per Operation Prosperity Guardian), at least 21 UAVs and missiles (some of the latter supersonic) were launched, 18 of which were intercepted. No damage. [58][59][60]
Gibraltar Eagle   Marshall Islands 15 January 2024 Anti-ship cruise missile At about 4:00 p.m. AST/KSA (UTC+2) the first US-owned ship (Eagle Bulk Shipping) was struck, some 110 miles (180 km) southeast of Aden. Reported as a ballistic missile attack. Sustained minor damage above the waterline on a port cargo hold, then reversed course away from the area. [61][62]
Zografia   Malta 16 January 2024 Greek-owned, Malta registered bulk carrier on a voyage from Vietnam to Israel was empty at the time of attack which occurred some 87 miles (140 km) northwest of the Yemeni Port of Salif. No injuries were reported and only material damage sustained. [63][64]
Genco Picardi   Marshall Islands 17 January 2024 One-way UAV US owner: Genco Shipping & Trading, Ltd. Attacked approximately 8:30 p.m. AST/KSA (UTC+3) in the Gulf of Aden. India-bound; INS Visakhapatnam came to her aid. Cargo: Phosphate rock. Minor damage; sailed to her next port of call as scheduled. [65][66]
Chem Ranger   Marshall Islands 18 January 2024 Two anti-ship ballistic missiles. Strike disputed. US owned; Greek operated. Attacked at approximately 9:00 p.m. AST/KSA (UTC+3) en route from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia to Shuwaik Port, Kuwait. [67]
Star Nasia   Marshall Islands 6 February 2024 Naval missiles Greek-owned, Marshall Islands-flagged, traveling from the United States to India. [68]

Reactions

The Houthis stated: "We have capabilities to sink your fleet, your submarines, your warships", adding "the Red Sea will be your graveyard".[69][70] In a public statement, Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Hossein Salami reassured the Iranian public that there is nothing to fear from the coalition.[71][72] (The Iranian government has long had purported direct ties to the Houthi movement.) IRGC senior officer Mohammad Reza Naqdi was cited as threatening to close "the Mediterranean Sea, (the Strait of) Gibraltar and other waterways" without explaining how.[73]

While named by the United States as part of the coalition, the French Defense Ministry stated that its warships, including the frigate Languedoc, would remain under French command.[8] Italian Defense Ministry, which has deployed the frigate Virginio Fasan in the Red Sea, also stated that the warship was not part of Prosperity Guardian.[8] Spanish Defense Ministry stated that it would only take part in operations under NATO or EU coordination.[8] Spain also vetoed any potential EU contribution to Operation Prosperity Guardian through the resources of EU-conducted Operation Atalanta.[74] At the time, Spain was the commanding nation of Operation Atalanta and had the frigate Victoria deployed in the area.[75]

The Maersk Line announced on 24 December that with Operation Prosperity Guardian now in place, it would resume using the Suez Canal.[76] On 2 January 2024, both Maersk and Happag-Lloyd announced that the route would once again be avoided until further notice.[77][78]

On 3 January 2024, President of Sri Lanka Ranil Wickremesinghe indicated that Sri Lanka will be deploying a warship to the Red Sea and the Sri Lanka Navy stated that it is ready to deploy one of its five Advanced Offshore Patrol Vessels as part of Operation Prosperity Guardian.[79]

On 13 January 2024, pro-Palestinian protesters in central London expressed support for the Houthi movement, chanting slogans hours after the RAF and US launched a missile and airstrike on ground targets in Yemen. Some demonstrators shouted, "Yemen, Yemen make us proud, turn another ship around," and displayed signs reading "Hands off Yemen", "Thanks Yemen" and "UK+US wants war. Yemen supports Palestine. Gaza Wants to live".[80]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Statement from Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III on Ensuring Freedom of Navigation in the Red Sea". U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  2. ^ "NZ to deploy six NZDF staff to Red Sea, PM announces". 1 News. 23 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  3. ^ Mallawarachi, Bharatha (9 January 2024). "Sri Lanka to join US-led naval operations against Houthi rebels in Red Sea". ABC News. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  4. ^ Wickham, Alex; McBride, Courtney (11 January 2024). "UK's Sunak Authorizes Joint Military Strikes Against Houthis". Bloomberg. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  5. ^ a b "HMS Diamond joins new international task force to protect shipping in the Red Sea" (press release). UK Ministry of Defence. 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  6. ^ a b "US sinks 3 ships, kills 10 after Houthi Red Sea attack". Reuters. 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  7. ^ Diakun, Bridget; Meade, Richard (19 January 2024). "Red Sea shipping is now divided down lines of risk appetite and national security". Lloyd's List Intelligence. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e Zhdannikov, Dmitry; Armstrong, Rachel (22 December 2023). "What is U.S.-led Red Sea coalition and which countries are backing it?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  9. ^ Chen, Heather; Michaelis, Tamar (10 December 2023). "Israel ready to act against Houthi rebels if international community fails to, official says". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023.
  10. ^ Copp, Tara; Baldor, Lolita C. (19 December 2023). "Pentagon announces new international mission to counter attacks on commercial vessels in Red Sea". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  11. ^ Michael Callahan; Haley Britzkey (18 December 2023). "Austin announces US-led security operation focusing on Red Sea, Gulf of Aden after Houthi attacks on commercial shipping". CNN. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  12. ^ Johnson, Jake (23 December 2023). "Biden Urged Not to Attack Yemen Over Houthi Blockade of Israel in Red Sea". Truthout. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  13. ^ "Yemen's Houthis warn they will target all ships headed to Israel". Reuters. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023. A Houthi military spokesperson said all ships sailing to Israeli ports are banned from the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea."If Gaza does not receive the food and medicine it needs, all ships in the Red Sea bound for Israeli ports, regardless of their nationality, will become a target for our armed forces," the spokesperson said in a statement.
  14. ^ Altman, Howard (19 December 2023). "Red Sea Maritime Coalition Much Bigger Than Originally Disclosed". The Drive. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  15. ^ "More than 20 countries join coalition to protect Red Sea shipping, says Pentagon". The Times of Israel. 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  16. ^ Sabbagh, Dan (19 December 2023). "US announces naval coalition to defend Red Sea shipping from Houthi attacks". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  17. ^ Amante, Angelo; Irish, John; Landauro, Inti; Bose, Nandita (12 January 2024). "Europe split over US, UK strikes on Houthis in Yemen". Reuters. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  18. ^ "أسامة ربيع: حركة الملاحة في قناة السويس لم تتأثر بما يحدث في البحر الأحمر". مصراوي.كوم (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  19. ^ "Adopting Resolution 2722 (2024) by Recorded Vote, Security Council Demands Houthis Immediately Stop Attacks on Merchant, Commercial Vessels in Red Sea | UN Press". press.un.org. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  20. ^ "What is Operation Prosperity Guardian, US-led mission to protect Red Sea shipping?". The Independent. 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  21. ^ Tegler, Eric. "Destroyers Shot Down 24 Houthi Missiles And Drones: That'll Be $17 Million". Forbes. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  22. ^ "Houthi rebels vow fierce retaliation after American and British strikes against them". AP News. 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  23. ^ Phillips, Aleks (18 December 2023). "Red Sea Map Shows Where Attacks on Vessels Have Taken Place". Newsweek. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  24. ^ "Houthis target tenth ship in Red Sea as attacks turn increasingly indiscriminate". Lloyd's List Intelligence. 15 December 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  25. ^ a b "Houthi leader tells ships to deny Israel links on AIS". Lloyd's List Intelligence. 8 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  26. ^ "Who are the Houthis and why are they attacking ships in the Red Sea?". CNN. 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  27. ^ "BP pauses all Red Sea shipments after rebel attacks". 18 December 2023. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023 – via BBC. Analysis by S&P Global Market Intelligence found that nearly 15% of goods imported into Europe, the Middle East and North Africa were shipped from Asia and the Gulf by sea. That includes 21.5% of refined oil and more than 13% of crude oil.
  28. ^ "A new Suez crisis threatens the world economy – Global shipping firms are suspending voyages in the Red Sea". The Economist. 16 December 2023. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  29. ^ Miller, Greg (20 December 2023). "Red Sea fallout much greater for containers than tankers, bulkers". FreightWaves. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  30. ^ Ziady, Hanna (12 January 2024). "How the Red Sea crisis could clobber the global economy". CNN. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  31. ^ Kumagai, Takeo; Gordon, Meghan; Mohindru, Sameer (12 January 2024). "Red Sea shipping slumps after US airstrikes in Yemen trigger retaliation fears". S&P Global Commodity Insights. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  32. ^ Lagrone, Sam (26 December 2023). "U.S Destroyer, Super Hornets Splash Red Sea Attack Drones and Missiles". U.S. Naval Institute. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  33. ^ "US says Houthi drones attacked warship, tankers in Red Sea". The Times of Israel. 24 December 2023. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  34. ^ Misra, Surbhi; Shumaker, Lisa (31 December 2023). "US says it shot down 2 missiles launched from Houthi-controlled areas". Reuters. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  35. ^ "HMS Richmond takes over from HMS Diamond to protect shipping in the Red Sea". GOV.UK. 6 February 2024. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  36. ^ "Dendias: Greece will dispatch frigate to Red Sea". www.ekathimerini.com. 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  37. ^ "Denmark to send frigate to US-led task force in Red Sea". The Jerusalem Post. 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  38. ^ "Denmark to send frigate to U.S.-led task force in Red Sea". Reuters. 29 December 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  39. ^ "Australia to send military personnel to help protect Red Sea shipping but no warship". Associated Press. 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  40. ^ Hurst, Daniel (20 December 2023). "Red Sea crisis: why the Albanese government said no to the United States' warship request". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  41. ^ "Canada to participate in United States-led Operation Prosperity Guardian". www.canada.ca. National Defence. 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  42. ^ "Canada sending 3 staff officers to support U.S.-led Operation Prosperity Guardian". CTV News. 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  43. ^ Eckstein, Megan; Chuter, Andrew; Ruitenberg, Rudy (19 December 2023). "US unveils international force to defend Red Sea. Here's what we know". Defense News. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  44. ^ See Kit, Tang (9 January 2024). "Singapore to send team to multinational Red Sea operation; impact on critical supplies 'limited' for now". CNA. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  45. ^ Zachariah, Natasha Ann (9 January 2024). "SAF to participate in multinational military operation to keep Red Sea safe". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  46. ^ "Seychelles' participation in "Operation Prosperity Guardian" is only information exchange". Seychelles News Agency. 20 December 2023. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  47. ^ "Watch live: NZ sending Defence Force team to Red Sea to provide maritime security, Christopher Luxon fronts post-Cabinet press conference". The New Zealand Herald. 23 January 2024. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  48. ^ "Red Sea crisis: Navy OPV heads home after maiden patrol". The Morning. 24 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  49. ^ "SLNS Gajabahu returns from Red Sea". Ceylon Today. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  50. ^ "Red Sea crisis: SLN prepped to continue patrols". The Morning. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  51. ^ "Netherlands Deploys Warships to Support US and EU Red Sea Defense Missions". The Maritime Executive. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  52. ^ a b "US says Houthi drones attacked warship, tankers in Red Sea". The Times of Israel. 24 December 2023. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  53. ^ "MSN". MSN. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  54. ^ "MV Sai Baba With Indian Crew, Among Other Ships Attacked By Houthi Drone In Red Sea. Here's What We Know So Far". menafn.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  55. ^ Kassai, Lucia (26 December 2023). "Houthi Rebels Attack Container Ship in Red Sea Conflict". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  56. ^ "MSC Statement on MSC UNITED VIII Incident in Red Sea". Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  57. ^ Durbin, Adam (31 December 2023). "US Navy helicopters destroy Houthi boats in Red Sea after attempted hijack". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  58. ^ "US and UK hint at military action after largest Houthi attack in Red Sea". 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024 – via BBC.
  59. ^ Mongilio, Heather (12 January 2024). "Ike's Carrier Air Wing 3, USS Gravely, USS Philippine Sea and USS Mason Struck Houthi Targets". USNI News. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  60. ^ Liebermann, Oren; Britzky, Haley; Bertrand, Natasha; Liptak, Kevin; Marquardt, Alex; Lee, MJ; Hansler, Jennifer (12 January 2024). "US and UK carry out strikes against Iran-backed Houthis in Yemen". CNN. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  61. ^ "US-owned cargo ship near Yemen hit by missile as fears grow conflict could spread". The Guardian. 15 January 2024. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  62. ^ Elimam, Ahmed; Tala, Ramadan (15 January 2024). "Yemen's Houthis hit US-owned dry bulk ship, no injuries - US Centcom". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  63. ^ Armstrong, Kathryn (16 January 2024). "Red Sea attacks: Greek vessel hit by missile fired by Houthi rebels". BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  64. ^ "Empty Malta-flagged ship hit by missile off Yemen". CBC. Reuters. 16 January 2024. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  65. ^ Wintour, Patrick (17 January 2024). "Houthis hit US cargo ship with drone after redesignation as global terrorists". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  66. ^ Jones, Isaac (18 January 2024). "U.S.-Owned Ship Genco Picardy Targeted by Houthi Drone in Gulf of Aden Amid Regional Tensions". MSN.com. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  67. ^ Tanyos, Faris (18 January 2024). "Houthi rebels launch missile attack on yet another U.S.-owned commercial ship, Pentagon says". CBS News. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  68. ^ "Houthis say they fired at two ships in Red Sea, damaging both". Reuters. 6 February 2024.
  69. ^ "Houthis Warn Maritime Coalition: Red Sea Will Be Your Graveyard". Iran International. 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  70. ^ "واکنش یمن به تشکیل ائتلاف آمریکایی: دریای سرخ را گورستانتان خواهیم کرد" [Yemen's reaction to the formation of the American coalition: We will make the Red Sea your cemetery]. Tasnim News Agency (in Persian). 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  71. ^ "فرمانده کل سپاه: مردم نگران ائتلاف دنیا علیه ایران نباشند" [Commander-in-Chief of the IRGC: People should not worry about the world coalition against Iran]. didbaniran.ir (in Persian). 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  72. ^ "فرمانده سپاه: اسراییل به زودی کم خواهد آورد" [Commander of the IRGC: Israel will soon be reduced]. aftabnews.ir (in Persian). December 2023. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  73. ^ "Iran threatens Mediterranean closure over Gaza, without saying how". Reuters. 23 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  74. ^ "España bloquea la contribución de la misión Atalanta de la UE a la operación de EEUU en el mar Rojo". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  75. ^ González, Miguel (23 December 2023). "US military operation in the Red Sea sparks tensions between Madrid and Washington". EL PAÍS English (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  76. ^ Raja Simhan, T E (25 December 2023). "Maersk set to resume Red Sea passage with 'Operation Prosperity Guardian' deployment". Business Line. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  77. ^ Susin, Michael. "Maersk Pauses Transit Through Red Sea Until Further Notice After Attack on Ship". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  78. ^ Solsvik, Terje & Eckert, Vera (2 January 2024). "Global shipping firms continue to pause Red Sea shipments". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024.
  79. ^ Jayawardana, Sandun. "Deployment of SL Navy advanced offshore patrol vessel to the Red Sea still under discussion". Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  80. ^ Bird, Steve; Parker, Fiona (13 January 2024). "Watch: Pro-Palestinian demonstrators chant support for Houthi rebel attacks". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 21 January 2024.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Prosperity_Guardian&oldid=1218527455"