Octant (solid geometry)

An octant in solid geometry is one of the eight divisions of a Euclidean three-dimensional coordinate system defined by the signs of the coordinates. It is similar to the two-dimensional quadrant and the one-dimensional ray.

Three axial planes (x=0, y=0, z=0) divide space into eight octants. The eight (±,±,±) coordinates of the cube vertices are used to denote them. The horizontal plane shows the four quadrants between x- and y-axis. (Vertex numbers are little-endian balanced ternary.)

The generalization of an octant is called orthant.

Naming and numbering

Two representations of a right-hand coordinate system. The first one corresponds to the cube image.

A convention for naming an octant is to give its list of signs, e.g. (+,−,−) or (−,+,−). Octant (+,+,+) is sometimes referred to as the first octant, although similar ordinal name descriptors are not defined for the other seven octants. The advantages of using the (±,±,±) notation are its unambiguousness, and extensibility for higher dimensions.

The following table shows the sign tuples together with likely ways to enumerate them. A binary enumeration with − as 1 can be easily generalized across dimensions. A binary enumeration with + as 1 defines the same order as balanced ternary. The Roman enumeration of the quadrants is in Gray code order, so the corresponding Gray code is also shown for the octants.

Octants Gray code x y z Binary Balanced ternary − as 1 + as 1 < > < > < > 0 + + + 0 0 7 7 13 13 1 − + + 1 4 6 3 11 −5 3 + − + 2 2 5 5 7 7 2 − − + 3 6 4 1 5 −11 7 + + − 4 1 3 6 −5 11 6 − + − 5 5 2 2 −7 −7 4 + − − 6 3 1 4 −11 5 5 − − − 7 7 0 0 −13 −13

Quadrants for comparison Roman x y Binary Balanced ternary − as 1 + as 1 < > < > < > I + + 0 0 3 3 4 4 II − + 1 2 2 1 2 −2 IV + − 2 1 1 2 −2 2 III − − 3 3 0 0 −4 −4 Little- and big-endian are marked by "<" and ">".

Verbal descriptions are ambiguous, because they depend on the representation of the coordinate system. In the two depicted representations of a right-hand coordinate system, the first octant could be called right-back-top or right-top-front respectively.

See also

• Orthant
• Octant (plane geometry)
• Octree