Wikipedia

List of skin conditions

(Redirected from Occupational conditions)

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Many skin conditions affect the human integumentary system—the organ system covering the entire surface of the body and composed of skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands.[1] The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment.[2] The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area of two square metres, and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.[1] The two main types of human skin are: glabrous skin, the hairless skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin.[3] Within the latter type, the hairs occur in structures called pilosebaceous units, each with hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and associated arrector pili muscle.[4] In the embryo, the epidermis, hair, and glands form from the ectoderm, which is chemically influenced by the underlying mesoderm that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.[5][6][7]

Young child with a red rash covering face, chest, shoulders, and arms
Rash due to measles

The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin, a squamous epithelium with several strata: the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.[8] Nourishment is provided to these layers by diffusion from the dermis since the epidermis is without direct blood supply. The epidermis contains four cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Of these, keratinocytes are the major component, constituting roughly 95 percent of the epidermis.[3] This stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale, in which differentiating cells slowly displace outwards through the stratum spinosum to the stratum corneum, where cells are continually shed from the surface.[3] In normal skin, the rate of production equals the rate of loss; about two weeks are needed for a cell to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer, and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum.[9]

The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, and comprises two sections, the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis.[10] The superficial papillary dermis interdigitates with the overlying rete ridges of the epidermis, between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone.[10] Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and ground substance.[10] Within these components are the pilosebaceous units, arrector pili muscles, and the eccrine and apocrine glands.[8] The dermis contains two vascular networks that run parallel to the skin surface—one superficial and one deep plexus—which are connected by vertical communicating vessels.[8][11] The function of blood vessels within the dermis is fourfold: to supply nutrition, to regulate temperature, to modulate inflammation, and to participate in wound healing.[12][13]

The subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat between the dermis and underlying fascia.[14] This tissue may be further divided into two components, the actual fatty layer, or panniculus adiposus, and a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, the panniculus carnosus.[3] The main cellular component of this tissue is the adipocyte, or fat cell.[14] The structure of this tissue is composed of septal (i.e. linear strands) and lobular compartments, which differ in microscopic appearance.[8] Functionally, the subcutaneous fat insulates the body, absorbs trauma, and serves as a reserve energy source.[14]

Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases, also known as dermatoses, as well as many nonpathologic states (like, in certain circumstances, melanonychia and racquet nails).[15][16] While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician, thousands of skin conditions have been described.[14] Classification of these conditions often presents many nosological challenges, since underlying etiologies and pathogenetics are often not known.[17][18] Therefore, most current textbooks present a classification based on location (for example, conditions of the mucous membrane), morphology (chronic blistering conditions), etiology (skin conditions resulting from physical factors), and so on.[19][20] Clinically, the diagnosis of any particular skin condition is made by gathering pertinent information regarding the presenting skin lesion(s), including the location (such as arms, head, legs), symptoms (pruritus, pain), duration (acute or chronic), arrangement (solitary, generalized, annular, linear), morphology (macules, papules, vesicles), and color (red, blue, brown, black, white, yellow).[21] Diagnosis of many conditions often also requires a skin biopsy which yields histologic information[22][23] that can be correlated with the clinical presentation and any laboratory data.[24][25][26]

Acneiform eruptions

edit
See also: Category:Acneiform eruptions
 
Acne vulgaris
 
Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp
 
Rhinophyma

Acneiform eruptions are caused by changes in the pilosebaceous unit.[27][28]

Autoinflammatory syndromes

edit
See also: Category:Autoinflammatory syndromes

Autoinflammatory syndromes are a group of inherited disorders characterized by bouts of inflammatory skin lesions and periodic fevers.[29][30]

Chronic blistering

edit
See also: Category:Chronic blistering cutaneous conditions

Chronic blistering cutaneous conditions have a prolonged course and present with vesicles and bullae.[31][32][33]

Conditions of the mucous membranes

edit
See also: Category:Conditions of the mucous membranes

Conditions of the mucous membranes involve the moist linings of the eyes, nose, mouth, genitals, and anus.[34]

Conditions of the skin appendages

edit
See also: Category:Conditions of the skin appendages

Conditions of the skin appendages are those affecting the glands of the skin, hair, nails, and arrector pili muscles.[1][35]

Conditions of the subcutaneous fat

edit
See also: Category:Conditions of the subcutaneous fat

Conditions of the subcutaneous fat are those affecting the layer of adipose tissue that lies between the dermis and underlying fascia.[36][37][38][39]

Congenital anomalies

edit
See also: Category:Cutaneous congenital anomalies

Cutaneous congenital anomalies are a diverse group of disorders that result from faulty morphogenesis, the biological process that forms the shape of a human body.[35][40][41]

Connective tissue diseases

edit
See also: Category:Connective tissue diseases

Connective tissue diseases are caused by a complex array of autoimmune responses that target or affect collagen or ground substance.[35][43]

Abnormalities of dermal fibrous and elastic tissue

edit
See also: Category:Abnormalities of dermal fibrous and elastic tissue
 
Striae distensae

Abnormalities of dermal fibrous and elastic tissue are caused by problems in the regulation of collagen synthesis or degradation.[35][44]

Dermal and subcutaneous growths

edit
See also: Category:Dermal and subcutaneous growths

Dermal and subcutaneous growths result from (1) reactive or neoplastic proliferation of cellular components of the dermis or subcutaneous tissue, or (2) neoplasms invading or aberrantly present in the dermis.[1][35]

Dermatitis

edit
See also: Category:Dermatitis

Dermatitis is a general term for "inflammation of the skin".[45]

Atopic

edit
See also: Category:Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic dermatitis associated with a hereditary tendency to develop allergies to food and inhalant substances.[46][47][48]

  • Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema, disseminated neurodermatitis, flexural eczema, infantile eczema, prurigo diathsique)

Contact

edit
See also: Category:Contact dermatitis

Contact dermatitis is caused by certain substances coming in contact with the skin.[49][50][51]

Eczema

edit
See also: Category:Eczema

Eczema refers to a broad range of conditions that begin as spongiotic dermatitis and may progress to a lichenified stage.[26][52]

 
Dyshidrosis

Pustular

edit
See also: Category:Pustular dermatitis

Pustular dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin that presents with pustular lesions.[26][53]

Seborrheic

edit
See also: Category:Seborrheic dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic, superficial, inflammatory disease characterized by scaling on an erythematous base.[54]

Disturbances of pigmentation

edit
See also: Category:Disturbances of human pigmentation

Disturbances of human pigmentation, either loss or reduction, may be related to loss of melanocytes or the inability of melanocytes to produce melanin or transport melanosomes correctly.[55][56][57]

Drug eruptions

edit
See also: Category:Drug eruptions

Drug eruptions are adverse drug reactions that present with cutaneous manifestations.[58][59][60]

edit
See also: Category:Endocrine-related cutaneous conditions

Endocrine conditions often present with cutaneous findings as the skin interacts with the endocrine system in many ways.[61][62]

Eosinophilic

edit
See also: Category:Eosinophilic cutaneous conditions

Eosinophilic cutaneous conditions encompass a wide variety of diseases that are characterized histologically by the presence of eosinophils in the inflammatory infiltrate, or evidence of eosinophil degranulation.[63][64]

Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts

edit
See also: Category:Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts

Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts are skin lesions that develop from the epidermal layer of the skin.[8][26]

Erythemas

edit
 
Erythema migrans
See also: Category:Erythemas

Erythemas are reactive skin conditions in which there is blanchable redness.[1][9]

Genodermatoses

edit
See also: Category:Genodermatoses

Genodermatoses are inherited genetic skin conditions often grouped into three categories: chromosomal, single gene, and polygenetic.[67][68]

edit
See also: Category:Infection-related cutaneous conditions and Skin and skin structure infection

Infection-related cutaneous conditions may be caused by bacteria, fungi, yeast, viruses, or parasites.[26][69]

edit
See also: Category:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions and Bacterial skin infection

Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions often have distinct morphologic characteristics that may be an indication of a generalized systemic process or simply an isolated superficial infection.[69][70]

edit
See also: Category:Mycobacterium-related cutaneous conditions

Mycobacterium-related cutaneous conditions are caused by Mycobacterium infections.[69][71]

edit
See also: Category:Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions and Fungal skin infection

Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions are caused by fungi or yeasts, and may present as either a superficial or deep infection of the skin, hair, or nails.[69]

Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites

edit
See also: Category:Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin

Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites in humans are caused by several groups of organisms belonging to the following phyla: Annelida, Arthropoda, Bryozoa, Chordata, Cnidaria, Cyanobacteria, Echinodermata, Nemathelminthes, Platyhelminthes, and Protozoa.[69][72]

edit
See also: Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditions and Viral skin infections

Virus-related cutaneous conditions are caused by two main groups of viruses–DNA and RNA types–both of which are obligatory intracellular parasites.[69][73]

Lichenoid eruptions

edit
See also: Category:Lichenoid eruptions

Lichenoid eruptions are dermatoses related to the unique, common inflammatory disorder lichen planus, which affects the skin, mucous membranes, nails, and hair.[74][75][76]

edit
See also: Category:Lymphoid-related cutaneous conditions

Lymphoid-related cutaneous conditions are a group of disorders characterized by collections of lymphocyte cells within the skin.[77]

Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms

edit
See also: Category:Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms

Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms are caused by either a proliferation of (1) melanocytes, or (2) nevus cells, a form of melanocyte that lack dendritic processes.[78][79]

Melanoma

edit
See also: Category:Melanoma

Melanoma is a malignant proliferation of melanocytes and the most aggressive type of skin cancer.[80][81][82]

Monocyte- and macrophage-related

edit
See also: Category:Monocyte- and macrophage-related cutaneous conditions

Monocyte- and macrophage-related cutaneous conditions are characterized histologically by infiltration of the skin by monocyte or macrophage cells,[10] often divided into several categories, including granulomatous disease,[83] histiocytoses,[84] and sarcoidosis.[85]

Mucinoses

edit
See also: Category:Mucinoses

Mucinoses are a group of conditions caused by dermal fibroblasts producing abnormally large amounts of mucopolysaccharides.[34]

Neurocutaneous

edit
See also: Category:Neurocutaneous conditions

Neurocutaneous conditions are due organic nervous system disease or are psychiatric in etiology.[86][87]

edit
See also: Category:Noninfectious immunodeficiency-related cutaneous conditions

Noninfectious immunodeficiency-related cutaneous conditions are caused by T-cell or B-cell dysfunction.[88][89]

edit
See also: Category:Malnutrition

Nutrition-related cutaneous conditions are caused by malnutrition due to an improper or inadequate diet.[90][91]

Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic

edit
See also: Category:Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions

Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions are those that present with papules and scales caused by a thickening of the stratum corneum.[9]

 
Pityriasis rosea

Palmoplantar keratodermas

edit
See also: Category:Palmoplantar keratodermas

Palmoplantar keratodermas are a diverse group of hereditary and acquired keratodermas in which there is hyperkeratosis of the skin of the palms and soles.[92]

 
Palmoplantar keratoderma
  • Acrokeratoelastoidosis of Costa (keratoelastoidosis marginalis)
  • Aquagenic keratoderma (acquired aquagenic palmoplantar keratoderma, aquagenic syringeal acrokeratoderma, aquagenic wrinkling of the palms, transient reactive papulotranslucent acrokeratoderma)
  • Bart–Pumphrey syndrome (palmoplantar keratoderma with knuckle pads and leukonychia and deafness)
  • Camisa disease
  • Carvajal syndrome (striate palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and cardiomyopathy, striate palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and left ventricular dilated cardiomyopathy)
  • Corneodermatoosseous syndrome (CDO syndrome)
  • Diffuse epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (palmoplantar keratoderma cum degeneratione granulosa Vörner, Vörner's epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma, Vörner keratoderma)
  • Diffuse nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (diffuse orthohyperkeratotic keratoderma, hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma, keratosis extremitatum progrediens, keratosis palmoplantaris diffusa circumscripta, tylosis, Unna–Thost disease, Unna–Thost keratoderma)
  • Erythrokeratodermia variabilis (erythrokeratodermia figurata variabilis, keratosis extremitatum progrediens, keratosis palmoplantaris transgrediens et progrediens, Mendes da Costa syndrome, Mendes da Costa type erythrokeratodermia, progressive symmetric erythrokeratoderma)
  • Focal acral hyperkeratosis (acrokeratoelastoidosis lichenoides, degenerative collagenous plaques of the hand)
  • Focal palmoplantar and gingival keratosis
  • Focal palmoplantar keratoderma with oral mucosal hyperkeratosis (focal epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma, hereditary painful callosities, hereditary painful callosity syndrome, keratosis follicularis, keratosis palmoplantaris nummularis, nummular epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma)
  • Haim–Munk syndrome (palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis and arachnodactyly and acro-osteolysis)
  • Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (alopecia congenita with keratosis palmoplantaris, Clouston syndrome, Clouston's hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, Fischer–Jacobsen–Clouston syndrome, keratosis palmaris with drumstick fingers, palmoplantar keratoderma and clubbing)
  • Howel–Evans syndrome (familial keratoderma with carcinoma of the esophagus, focal non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma with carcinoma of the esophagus, palmoplantar ectodermal dysplasia type III, palmoplantar keratoderma associated with esophageal cancer, tylosis, tylosis–esophageal carcinoma)
  • Hystrix-like ichthyosis–deafness syndrome (HID syndrome)
  • Keratoderma climactericum (acquired plantar keratoderma, climacteric keratoderma, Haxthausen's disease)
  • Keratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris (Buschke–Fischer–Brauer disease, Davis Colley disease, keratoderma disseminatum palmaris et plantaris, keratosis papulosa, keratoderma punctatum, keratodermia punctata, keratoma hereditarium dissipatum palmare et plantare, palmar and plantar seed dermatoses, palmar keratoses, papulotranslucent acrokeratoderma, punctate keratoderma, punctate keratoses of the palms and soles, maculosa disseminata)
  • Keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome (erythrokeratodermia progressiva Burns, ichthyosiform erythroderma with corneal involvement and deafness, KID syndrome)
  • Mal de Meleda (acral keratoderma, Gamborg–Nielsen keratoderma, mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma of the Gamborg–Nielsen type, palmoplantar ectodermal dysplasia type VIII, palmoplantar keratoderma of the Norrbotten type)
  • Naxos syndrome (diffuse non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and cardiomyopathy, diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy of Naxos, Naxos disease)
  • Olmsted syndrome (mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma with periorificial keratotic plaques, mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma with periorificial plaques, polykeratosis of Touraine)
  • Pachyonychia congenita type I (Jadassohn–Lewandowsky syndrome)
  • Pachyonychia congenita type II (Jackson–Lawler pachyonychia congenita, Jackson–Sertoli syndrome)
  • Palmoplantar keratoderma and spastic paraplegia (Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease with palmoplantar keratoderma and nail dystrophy)
  • Palmoplantar keratoderma of Sybert (Greither palmoplantar keratoderma, Greither syndrome, keratosis extremitatum hereditaria progrediens, keratosis palmoplantaris transgrediens et progrediens, Sybert keratoderma, transgrediens and progrediens palmoplantar keratoderma)
  • Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome (palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis)
  • Porokeratosis plantaris discreta
  • Punctate palmoplantar keratoderma
  • Schöpf–Schulz–Passarge syndrome (eyelid cysts with palmoplantar keratoderma and hypodontia and hypotrichosis)
  • Scleroatrophic syndrome of Huriez (Huriez syndrome, palmoplantar keratoderma with scleroatrophy, palmoplantar keratoderma with sclerodactyly, scleroatrophic and keratotic dermatosis of the limbs, sclerotylosis)
  • Striate palmoplantar keratoderma (acral keratoderma, Brünauer–Fuhs–Siemens type of palmoplantar keratoderma, focal non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma, keratosis palmoplantaris varians, palmoplantar keratoderma areata, palmoplantar keratoderma striata, Wachter keratoderma, Wachters palmoplantar keratoderma)
  • Spiny keratoderma (porokeratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris, punctate keratoderma, punctate porokeratosis of the palms and soles)
  • Tyrosinemia type II (oculocutaneous tyrosinemia, Richner–Hanhart syndrome)
  • Vohwinkel syndrome (keratoderma hereditaria mutilans, keratoma hereditaria mutilans, mutilating keratoderma of Vohwinkel, mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma)
edit
 
Linea nigra
See also: Category:Pregnancy-related cutaneous conditions

Pregnancy-related cutaneous conditions are a group of skin changes observed during pregnancy.[93][94]

Pruritic

edit
See also: Category:Pruritic skin conditions

Pruritus, commonly known as itchiness, is a sensation exclusive to the skin, and characteristic of many skin conditions.[95][96]

Psoriasis

edit
See also: Category:Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a common, chronic, and recurrent inflammatory disease of the skin characterized by circumscribed, erythematous, dry, scaling plaques.[97][98][99]

 
Psoriasis vulgaris

Reactive neutrophilic

edit
See also: Category:Reactive neutrophilic cutaneous conditions

Reactive neutrophilic cutaneous conditions constitute a spectrum of disease mediated by neutrophils, and typically associated with underlying diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and hematologic malignancy.[100][101]

 
Pyoderma gangrenosum

Recalcitrant palmoplantar eruptions

edit
See also: Category:Recalcitrant palmoplantar eruptions

Recalcitrant palmoplantar eruptions are skin conditions of the palms and soles which are resistant to treatment.[34]

  • Dermatitis repens (acrodermatitis continua, acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau, acrodermatitis continua suppurativa Hallopeau, acrodermatitis perstans, dermatitis repens Crocker, Hallopeau's acrodermatitis, Hallopeau's acrodermatitis continua, pustular acrodermatitis)
  • Infantile acropustulosis (acropustulosis of infancy)
  • Palmoplantar pustulosis (persistent palmoplantar pustulosis, pustular psoriasis of the Barber type, pustular psoriasis of the extremities, pustulosis of palms and soles, pustulosis palmaris et plantaris)
  • Pustular bacterid

Resulting from errors in metabolism

edit
See also: Category:Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism

Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism are caused by enzymatic defects that lead to an accumulation or deficiency of various cellular components, including, but not limited to, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.[16]

Resulting from physical factors

edit
See also: Category:Skin conditions resulting from physical factors

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors occur from a number of causes, including, but not limited to, hot and cold temperatures, friction, and moisture.[34][102][103]

Ionizing radiation-induced

edit
See also: Category:Ionizing radiation-induced cutaneous conditions

Ionizing radiation-induced cutaneous conditions result from exposure to ionizing radiation.[104]

Urticaria and angioedema

edit
See also: Category:Urticaria and angioedema

Urticaria is a vascular reaction of the skin characterized by the appearance of wheals, which are firm, elevated swellings of the skin.[105] Angioedema, which can occur alone or with urticaria, is characterized by a well-defined, edematous swelling that involves subcutaneous tissues, abdominal organs, or upper airway.[106]

 
Acute urticaria
edit
See also: Category:Vascular-related cutaneous conditions

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions result from dysfunction of the blood or blood vessels in the dermis, or lymphatics in the subcutaneous tissues.[9][107][108]

See also

edit

Footnotes

edit
  1. ^ Any given cutaneous condition is only included once within this list.
  2. ^ Parentheticals are used to indicate other names by which a condition is known. If there are multiple alternative names for a condition, they are separated by commas within the parenthetical.
  3. ^ Citations for any given condition name and/or alternative name(s) may be found within the condition's respective article.
  4. ^ This list uses American English; therefore, the symbols æ and œ, which are common to British English, are not used, but, rather, simplified to a single e. For example, the spelling of nevus is favored over nævus, edema over œdema, and so forth. For more information, see American and British English differences.
  5. ^ Non-English names are included within this list when those terms are found in English medical literature. Inclusion of acne excoriée des jeunes filles (French), Frambösie (German), and parangi (Malay) represent examples of this convention.
  6. ^ Abbreviations for condition names commonly described in medical literature with an acronym or initialism are included within this list.
  7. ^ Within this list, the term immunoglobulin is abbreviated to Ig when used as a prefix to a specific antibody isotype (i.e. IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM).
  8. ^ Within this list, the terms human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are abbreviated to HIV and AIDS, respectively.

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e Miller, Jeffrey H; Marks, James G (2006). Lookingbill and Marks' Principles of Dermatology. Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-3185-7.
  2. ^ Lippens S, Hoste E, Vandenabeele P, Agostinis P, Declercq W (April 2009). "Cell death in the skin". Apoptosis. 14 (4): 549–69. doi:10.1007/s10495-009-0324-z. PMID 19221876. S2CID 13058619.
  3. ^ a b c d Burns, Tony; et al. (2006) Rook's Textbook of Dermatology CD-ROM. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-3130-6.
  4. ^ Paus R, Cotsarelis G (1999). "The biology of hair follicles". N Engl J Med. 341 (7): 491–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM199908123410706. PMID 10441606. S2CID 35532108.
  5. ^ Goldsmith, Lowell A. (1983). Biochemistry and physiology of the skin. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-261253-3.
  6. ^ Fuchs E (February 2007). "Scratching the surface of skin development". Nature. 445 (7130): 834–42. Bibcode:2007Natur.445..834F. doi:10.1038/nature05659. PMC 2405926. PMID 17314969.
  7. ^ Fuchs E, Horsley V (April 2008). "More than one way to skin". Genes Dev. 22 (8): 976–85. doi:10.1101/gad.1645908. PMC 2732395. PMID 18413712.
  8. ^ a b c d e Freedberg, Irwin M; et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-138076-8.
  9. ^ a b c d Bolognia, Jean L; et al. (2007). Dermatology. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
  10. ^ a b c d Rapini, Ronald P (2005). Practical dermatopathology. Elsevier Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-01198-3.
  11. ^ Grant-Kels JM (2007). Color Atlas of Dermatopathology (Dermatology: Clinical & Basic Science). Informa Healthcare. pp. 163. ISBN 978-0-8493-3794-9.
  12. ^ Ryan, T (1991). "Cutaneous Circulation". In Goldsmith, Lowell A (ed.). Physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology of the skin (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1019. ISBN 978-0-19-505612-9.
  13. ^ Swerlick RA, Lawley TJ (January 1993). "Role of microvascular endothelial cells in inflammation". J. Invest. Dermatol. 100 (1): 111S–115S. doi:10.1038/jid.1993.33. PMID 8423379.
  14. ^ a b c d Lynch, Peter J (1994). Dermatology. Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-683-05252-7.
  15. ^ King, LS (1954). "What Is Disease?". Philosophy of Science. 21 (3): 193–203. doi:10.1086/287343. S2CID 120875348.
  16. ^ a b Bluefarb, Samuel M (1984). Dermatology. Upjohn Co. ISBN 978-0-89501-004-9.
  17. ^ Tilles G, Wallach D (1989). "[The history of nosology in dermatology]". Ann Dermatol Venereol (in French). 116 (1): 9–26. PMID 2653160.
  18. ^ Lambert WC, Everett MA (October 1981). "The nosology of parapsoriasis". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 5 (4): 373–95. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(81)70100-2. PMID 7026622.
  19. ^ Jackson R (1977). "Historical outline of attempts to classify skin diseases". Can Med Assoc J. 116 (10): 1165–68. PMC 1879511. PMID 324589.
  20. ^ Copeman PW (February 1995). "The creation of global dermatology". J R Soc Med. 88 (2): 78–84. PMC 1295100. PMID 7769599.
  21. ^ Fitzpatrick, Thomas B; Klauss Wolff; Wolff, Klaus Dieter; Johnson, Richard R.; Suurmond, Dick; Richard Suurmond (2005). Fitzpatrick's color atlas and synopsis of clinical dermatology. McGraw-Hill Medical Pub. Division. ISBN 978-0-07-144019-6.
  22. ^ Werner B (August 2009). "[Skin biopsy and its histopathologic analysis: Why? What for? How? Part I]". An Bras Dermatol (in Portuguese). 84 (4): 391–5. doi:10.1590/S0365-05962009000400010. PMID 19851671.
  23. ^ Werner B (October 2009). "[Skin biopsy with histopathologic analysis: why? what for? how? part II]". An Bras Dermatol (in Portuguese). 84 (5): 507–13. doi:10.1590/S0365-05962009000500010. PMID 20098854.
  24. ^ Xiaowei Xu; Elder, David A; Rosalie Elenitsas; Johnson, Bernett L; Murphy, George E (2008). Lever's Histopathology of the Skin. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-7363-8.
  25. ^ Weedon's Skin Pathology, 2-Volume Set: Expert Consult - Online and Print. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 2009. ISBN 978-0-7020-3941-6.
  26. ^ a b c d e David J DiCaudo; Dirk Elston MD; Dirk M Elston; Tammie Ferringer; Christine J Ko; Christine Ko MD; Steven Peckham; Whitney A High (2009). Dermatopathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7020-3023-9.
  27. ^ Rustin MH (1990). "Dermatology". Postgrad Med J. 66 (781): 894–905. doi:10.1136/pgmj.66.781.894. PMC 2429766. PMID 2148371.
  28. ^ Feldman S, Careccia RE, Barham KL, Hancox J (2004). "Diagnosis and treatment of acne". Am Fam Physician. 69 (9): 2123–30. PMID 15152959.
  29. ^ Fietta P (2004). "Autoinflammatory diseases: the hereditary periodic fever syndromes". Acta Biomed. 75 (2): 92–9. PMID 15481697.
  30. ^ Centola M, Aksentijevich I, Kastner DL (1998). "The hereditary periodic fever syndromes: molecular analysis of a new family of inflammatory diseases". Hum Mol Genet. 7 (10): 1581–8. doi:10.1093/hmg/7.10.1581. PMID 9735379.
  31. ^ Chan, Lawrence S (30 March 2009). Blistering Skin Diseases (1 ed.). Manson Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84076-066-8.
  32. ^ Yeh SW, Ahmed B, Sami N, Razzaque Ahmed A (2003). "Blistering disorders: diagnosis and treatment". Dermatol Ther. 16 (3): 214–23. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8019.2003.01631.x. PMID 14510878.
  33. ^ Eming R, Hertl M (2006). "Autoimmune bullous disorders". Clin Chem Lab Med. 44 (2): 144–9. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2006.027. PMID 16475898. S2CID 24967692.
  34. ^ a b c d James, William D; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
  35. ^ a b c d e Christine J Ko; Schwarzenberger, Kathryn; Werchniak, Andrew E (2009). General dermatology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7020-3093-2.
  36. ^ Aronson IK, Tharp MD (2010). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Panniculitis". Dermatologic Therapy. 23 (4): 317–434. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01331.x. ISSN 1529-8019. PMID 20666818. S2CID 221647926.
  37. ^ Requena L, Yus ES (2001). "Panniculitis. Part I. Mostly septal panniculitis". J Am Acad Dermatol. 45 (2): 163–83, quiz 184–6. doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.114736. PMID 11464178.
  38. ^ Requena L, Sánchez Yus E (2001). "Panniculitis. Part II. Mostly lobular panniculitis". J Am Acad Dermatol. 45 (3): 325–61, quiz 362–64. doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.114735. PMID 11511831. S2CID 4824297.
  39. ^ Phelps RG, Shoji T (2001). "Update on panniculitis". Mt Sinai J Med. 68 (4–5): 262–7. PMID 11514913. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009.
  40. ^ Küster W, Traupe H (September 1988). "[Clinical aspects and genetics of congenital skin defects]". Hautarzt (in German). 39 (9): 553–63. PMID 3053531.
  41. ^ Andrea L. Zaenglein; MD, Howard Gimbel; Albert C Yan (2008). Pediatric Dermatology: Requisites in Dermatology. Saunders Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7020-3022-2.
  42. ^ Cheng, Mao-Jie; Chen, Wen-Chieh; Happle, Rudolf; Song, Zhi-Qiang (8 May 2014). "Familial Disseminated Comedones without Dyskeratosis: Report of an Affected Family and Review of the Literature". Dermatology. 228 (4): 303–306. doi:10.1159/000360818. PMID 24819025 – via Silverchair.
  43. ^ Crofford, Leslie J; Klippel, John H; Weyand, Cornelia M; Stone, John F (2001). Primer on the rheumatic diseases. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. ISBN 978-0-912423-29-6.
  44. ^ Ushiki T (2002). "Collagen fibers, reticular fibers and elastic fibers. A comprehensive understanding from a morphological viewpoint". Arch Histol Cytol. 65 (2): 109–26. doi:10.1679/aohc.65.109. PMID 12164335.
  45. ^ Alsaad KO, Ghazarian D (2005). "My approach to superficial inflammatory dermatoses". J Clin Pathol. 58 (12): 1233–41. doi:10.1136/jcp.2005.027151. PMC 1770784. PMID 16311340.
  46. ^ Wüthrich B, Cozzio A, Roll A, Senti G, Kündig T, Schmid-Grendelmeier P (2007). "Atopic eczema: genetics or environment?". Ann Agric Environ Med. 14 (2): 195–201. PMID 18247450.
  47. ^ Roosterman D, Goerge T, Schneider SW, Bunnett NW, Steinhoff M (2006). "Neuronal control of skin function: the skin as a neuroimmunoendocrine organ". Physiol Rev. 86 (4): 1309–79. doi:10.1152/physrev.00026.2005. PMID 17015491. S2CID 23288191.
  48. ^ Spergel JM (August 2010). "From atopic dermatitis to asthma: the atopic march". Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 105 (2): 99–106, quiz 107–9, 117. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2009.10.002. PMID 20674819.
  49. ^ Saint-Mezard P, Rosieres A, Krasteva M, et al. (2004). "Allergic contact dermatitis". Eur J Dermatol. 14 (5): 284–95. PMID 15358566.
  50. ^ Krasteva M, Kehren J, Sayag M, et al. (1999). "Contact dermatitis II. Clinical aspects and diagnosis". Eur J Dermatol. 9 (2): 144–59. PMID 10066966.
  51. ^ Sharma VK, Asati DP (2010). "Pediatric contact dermatitis". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 76 (5): 514–20. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.69070. PMID 20826990.
  52. ^ Buxton PK (1987). "ABC of dermatology. Eczema and dermatitis". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 295 (6605): 1048–51. doi:10.1136/bmj.295.6605.1048. PMC 1248082. PMID 3120868.
  53. ^ Mengesha YM, Bennett ML (2002). "Pustular skin disorders: diagnosis and treatment". Am J Clin Dermatol. 3 (6): 389–400. doi:10.2165/00128071-200203060-00003. PMID 12113648. S2CID 30574470.
  54. ^ Schwartz RA, Janusz CA, Janniger CK (2006). "Seborrheic dermatitis: an overview". Am Fam Physician. 74 (1): 125–30. PMID 16848386.
  55. ^ Costin GE, Hearing VJ (2007). "Human skin pigmentation: melanocytes modulate skin color in response to stress". FASEB J. 21 (4): 976–94. doi:10.1096/fj.06-6649rev. PMID 17242160. S2CID 10713500.
  56. ^ Yamaguchi Y, Brenner M, Hearing VJ (2007). "The regulation of skin pigmentation". J Biol Chem. 282 (38): 27557–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.R700026200. PMID 17635904. S2CID 20459727.
  57. ^ Davis EC, Callender VD (July 2010). "Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: a review of the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment options in skin of color". J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 3 (7): 20–31. PMC 2921758. PMID 20725554.
  58. ^ Goolamali SK (1985). "Drug eruptions". Postgrad Med J. 61 (720): 925–33. doi:10.1136/pgmj.61.720.925. PMC 2418295. PMID 2932688.
  59. ^ Svensson CK, Cowen EW, Gaspari AA (2001). "Cutaneous drug reactions". Pharmacol Rev. 53 (3): 357–79. PMID 11546834. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
  60. ^ Ramdial PK, Naidoo DK (June 2009). "Drug-induced cutaneous pathology". J. Clin. Pathol. 62 (6): 493–504. doi:10.1136/jcp.2008.058289. PMID 19155238. S2CID 13126245.
  61. ^ Reichrath J (July 2009). "The skin is a fascinating endocrine organ". Dermatoendocrinol. 1 (4): 195–6. doi:10.4161/derm.1.4.9653. PMC 2835874. PMID 20592790.
  62. ^ Slominski A, Wortsman J (2000). "Neuroendocrinology of the skin". Endocr Rev. 21 (5): 457–87. doi:10.1210/edrv.21.5.0410. PMID 11041445.
  63. ^ Heymann WR (July 2006). "Eosinophilic dermatoses". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 55 (1): 114–5. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.02.058. PMID 16781301.
  64. ^ Machado-Pinto J, McCalmont TH, Golitz LE (December 1996). "Eosinophilic and neutrophilic spongiosis: clues to the diagnosis of immunobullous diseases and other inflammatory disorders". Semin Cutan Med Surg. 15 (4): 308–16. doi:10.1016/S1085-5629(96)80044-7. PMID 9069598.
  65. ^ "GARD Rare Disease Information - Eccrine porocarcinoma - National Organization for Rare Disorders". rarediseases.org. 16 June 2022.
  66. ^ St-Amant, Maxime. "Porocarcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia.
  67. ^ Joel L. Spitz (2005). Genodermatoses: a clinical guide to genetic skin disorders. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-4088-3.
  68. ^ McLean WH; Epithelial Genetics, Group (2003). "Genetic disorders of palm skin and nail". J Anat. 202 (1): 133–41. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00141.x. PMC 1571049. PMID 12587928. {{cite journal}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
  69. ^ a b c d e f Habif, Thomas P. (2001). Skin disease: diagnosis and treatment. Mosby. ISBN 978-0-8151-3762-7.
  70. ^ Stulberg DL, Penrod MA, Blatny RA (2002). "Common bacterial skin infections". Am Fam Physician. 66 (1): 119–24. PMID 12126026. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
  71. ^ Frankel A, Penrose C, Emer J (October 2009). "Cutaneous tuberculosis: a practical case report and review for the dermatologist". J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2 (10): 19–27. PMC 2923933. PMID 20725570.
  72. ^ Diaz JH (2010). "Mite-transmitted dermatoses and infectious diseases in returning travelers". J Travel Med. 17 (1): 21–31. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8305.2009.00352.x. PMID 20074098.
  73. ^ Lebwohl MG; Rosen; Stockfleth (November 2010). "The role of human papillomavirus in common skin conditions: current viewpoints and therapeutic options". Cutis. 86 (5): suppl 1–11, quiz suppl 12. PMID 21214125.
  74. ^ Ismail SB; Kumar SK; Zain RB (2007). "Oral lichen planus and lichenoid reactions: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management and malignant transformation". J Oral Sci. 49 (2): 89–106. doi:10.2334/josnusd.49.89. PMID 17634721.[permanent dead link]
  75. ^ Katta R (2000). "Lichen planus". Am Fam Physician. 61 (11): 3319–24, 3327–8. PMID 10865927.
  76. ^ Kanwar AJ, De D (2010). "Lichen planus in children". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 76 (4): 366–72. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.66581. PMID 20657116.
  77. ^ Connors JM, Hsi ED, Foss FM (2002). "Lymphoma of the skin". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2002 (1): 263–82. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2002.1.263. PMID 12446427. S2CID 29810336.
  78. ^ Alan N Houghton; Balch, Charles M. (1992). Cutaneous melanoma. J.B. Lippincott. ISBN 978-0-397-51052-8.
  79. ^ Venkatesan A (October 2010). "Pigmented lesions of the vulva". Dermatol Clin. 28 (4): 795–805. doi:10.1016/j.det.2010.08.007. PMID 20883921.
  80. ^ Petrescu I, Condrea C, Alexandru A, et al. (2010). "Diagnosis and treatment protocols of cutaneous melanoma: latest approach 2010". Chirurgia (Bucur). 105 (5): 637–43. PMID 21141087.
  81. ^ Wojas-Pelc A, Rajzer L, Jaworek A, Woźniak W (2006). "[The latest diagnostical methods and therapy in melanoma]". Prz. Lek. (in Polish). 63 (8): 674–80. PMID 17441381.
  82. ^ Krone B, Grange JM (December 2010). "Melanoma, Darwinian medicine and the inner world". J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 136 (12): 1787–94. doi:10.1007/s00432-010-0949-x. PMC 2962785. PMID 20852885.
  83. ^ Hawryluk EB, Izikson L, English JC (2010). "Non-Infectious Granulomatous Diseases of the Skin and their Associated Systemic Diseases: An Evidence-Based Update to Important Clinical Questions". Am J Clin Dermatol. 11 (3): 171–81. doi:10.2165/11530080-000000000-00000. PMID 20184390. S2CID 10907243.
  84. ^ Vardiman JW (March 2010). "The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: an overview with emphasis on the myeloid neoplasms". Chem. Biol. Interact. 184 (1–2): 16–20. Bibcode:2010CBI...184...16V. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2009.10.009. PMID 19857474.
  85. ^ Dempsey OJ, Paterson EW, Kerr KM, Denison AR (2009). "Sarcoidosis". BMJ. 339: b3206. doi:10.1136/bmj.b3206. PMID 19717499. S2CID 220114548.
  86. ^ Jafferany M (2007). "Psychodermatology: a guide to understanding common psychocutaneous disorders". Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 9 (3): 203–13. doi:10.4088/pcc.v09n0306. PMC 1911167. PMID 17632653.
  87. ^ Harth W, Hermes B, Niemeier V, Gieler U (2006). "Clinical pictures and classification of somatoform disorders in dermatology". Eur J Dermatol. 16 (6): 607–14. PMID 17229599.
  88. ^ Sillevis Smitt JH, Wulffraat NM, Kuijpers TW (2005). "The skin in primary immunodeficiency disorders". Eur J Dermatol. 15 (6): 425–32. PMID 16280293.
  89. ^ Cooper MD, Lanier LL, Conley ME, Puck JM (2003). "Immunodeficiency disorders". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2003 (1): 314–30. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2003.1.314. PMID 14633788.
  90. ^ Miller SJ (1989). "Nutritional deficiency and the skin". J Am Acad Dermatol. 21 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(89)70144-4. PMID 2663932.
  91. ^ Heath ML, Sidbury R (2006). "Cutaneous manifestations of nutritional deficiency". Curr Opin Pediatr. 18 (4): 417–22. doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000236392.87203.cc. PMID 16914997. S2CID 24426312.
  92. ^ Christiano AM (June 1997). "Frontiers in keratodermas: pushing the envelope". Trends Genet. 13 (6): 227–33. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(97)01104-9. PMID 9196328.
  93. ^ Shornick JK (September 1998). "Dermatoses of pregnancy". Semin Cutan Med Surg. 17 (3): 172–81. doi:10.1016/S1085-5629(98)80011-4. PMID 9759674.
  94. ^ Holmes RC, Black MM (March 1983). "The specific dermatoses of pregnancy". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 8 (3): 405–12. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(83)70046-0. PMID 6833540.
  95. ^ Greaves MW (2007). "Recent advances in pathophysiology and current management of itch" (PDF). Ann Acad Med Singap. 36 (9): 788–92. doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V36N9p788 (inactive 2 November 2024). PMID 17925991. S2CID 11300428.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  96. ^ Steinhoff M, Bienenstock J, Schmelz M, Maurer M, Wei E, Bíró T (2006). "Neurophysiological, neuroimmunological, and neuroendocrine basis of pruritus". J Invest Dermatol. 126 (8): 1705–18. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700231. PMID 16845410.
  97. ^ Langley RG, Krueger GG, Griffiths CE (2005). "Psoriasis: epidemiology, clinical features, and quality of life". Ann Rheum Dis. 64 (Suppl 2): ii18–23, discussion ii24–5. doi:10.1136/ard.2004.033217. PMC 1766861. PMID 15708928.
  98. ^ Luba KM, Stulberg DL (2006). "Chronic plaque psoriasis". Am Fam Physician. 73 (4): 636–44. PMID 16506705.
  99. ^ Krueger JG, Bowcock A (2005). "Psoriasis pathophysiology: current concepts of pathogenesis". Ann Rheum Dis. 64 (Suppl 2): ii30–6. doi:10.1136/ard.2004.031120. PMC 1766865. PMID 15708932.
  100. ^ Callen JP (2002). "Neutrophilic dermatoses". Dermatol Clin. 20 (3): 409–19. doi:10.1016/S0733-8635(02)00006-2. PMID 12170875.
  101. ^ Wallach D, Vignon-Pennamen MD (2006). "From acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis to neutrophilic disease: forty years of clinical research". J Am Acad Dermatol. 55 (6): 1066–71. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.07.016. PMID 17097401.
  102. ^ Ermertcan AT, Ertan P (2010). "Skin manifestations of child abuse". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 76 (4): 317–26. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.66572. PMID 20657110.
  103. ^ Rebecca Tung; Murad Alam MD; Hayes B Gladstone (2008). Cosmetic Dermatology: Requisites in Dermatology Series. Saunders Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7020-3143-4.
  104. ^ Hymes SR, Strom EA, Fife C (January 2006). "Radiation dermatitis: clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment 2006". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 54 (1): 28–46. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.08.054. PMID 16384753.
  105. ^ Clarke P (2004). "Urticaria". Aust Fam Physician. 33 (7): 501–03. PMID 15301166.
  106. ^ Muller BA (2004). "Urticaria and angioedema: a practical approach". Am Fam Physician. 69 (5): 1123–8. PMID 15023012.
  107. ^ Carlson JA, Cavaliere LF, Grant-Kels JM (2006). "Cutaneous vasculitis: diagnosis and management". Clin. Dermatol. 24 (5): 414–29. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.07.007. PMID 16966021.
  108. ^ Panuncialman J, Falanga V (December 2010). "Unusual causes of cutaneous ulceration". Surg. Clin. North Am. 90 (6): 1161–80. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2010.08.006. PMC 2991050. PMID 21074034.

Further reading

edit
edit

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_skin_conditions&oldid=1254928295"