In mathematics and theoretical physics, Noether's second theorem relates symmetries of an action functional with a system of differential equations.[1] The theorem is named after its discoverer, Emmy Noether.
The action S of a physical system is an integral of a so-called Lagrangian function L, from which the system's behavior can be determined by the principle of least action. Specifically, the theorem says that if the action has an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra of infinitesimal symmetries parameterized linearly by k arbitrary functions and their derivatives up to order m, then the functional derivatives of L satisfy a system of k differential equations.
Noether's second theorem is sometimes used in gauge theory. Gauge theories are the basic elements of all modern field theories of physics, such as the prevailing Standard Model.
Mathematical formulation
editFirst variation formula
editSuppose that we have a dynamical system specified in terms of independent variables , dependent variables , and a Lagrangian function of some finite order . Here is the collection of all th order partial derivatives of the dependent variables. As a general rule, latin indices from the middle of the alphabet take the values , greek indices take the values , and the summation convention apply to them. Multiindex notation for the latin indices is also introduced as follows. A multiindex of length is an ordered list of ordinary indices. The length is denoted as . The summation convention does not directly apply to multiindices since the summation over lengths needs to be displayed explicitly, e.g. The variation of the Lagrangian with respect to an arbitrary variation of the independent variables is and applying the inverse product rule of differentiation we get where are the Euler-Lagrange expressions of the Lagrangian, and the coefficients (Lagrangian momenta) are given by
Variational symmetries
editA variation is an infinitesimal symmetry of the Lagrangian if under this variation. It is an infinitesimal quasi-symmetry if there is a current such that .
It should be remarked that it is possible to extend infinitesimal (quasi-)symmetries by including variations with as well, i.e. the independent variables are also varied. However such symmetries can always be rewritten so that they act only on the dependent variables. Therefore, in the sequel we restrict to so-called vertical variations where .
For Noether's second theorem, we consider those variational symmetries (called gauge symmetries) which are parametrized linearly by a set of arbitrary functions and their derivatives. These variations have the generic form where the coefficients can depend on the independent and dependent variables as well as the derivatives of the latter up to some finite order, the are arbitrarily specifiable functions of the independent variables, and the latin indices take the values , where is some positive integer.
For these variations to be (exact, i.e. not quasi-) gauge symmetries of the Lagrangian, it is necessary that for all possible choices of the functions . If the variations are quasi-symmetries, it is then necessary that the current also depends linearly and differentially on the arbitrary functions, i.e. then , where For simplicity, we will assume that all gauge symmetries are exact symmetries, but the general case is handled similarly.
Noether's second theorem
editThe statement of Noether's second theorem is that whenever given a Lagrangian as above, which admits gauge symmetries parametrized linearly by arbitrary functions and their derivatives, then there exist linear differential relations between the Euler-Lagrange equations of .
Combining the first variation formula together with the fact that the variations are symmetries, we get where on the first term proportional to the Euler-Lagrange expressions, further integrations by parts can be performed as where in particular for , Hence, we have an off-shell relation where with . This relation is valid for any choice of the gauge parameters . Choosing them to be compactly supported, and integrating the relation over the manifold of independent variables, the integral total divergence terms vanishes due to Stokes' theorem. Then from the fundamental lemma of the calculus of variations, we obtain that identically as off-shell relations (in fact, since the are linear in the Euler-Lagrange expressions, they necessarily vanish on-shell). Inserting this back into the initial equation, we also obtain the off-shell conservation law .
The expressions are differential in the Euler-Lagrange expressions, specifically we have where Hence, the equations are differential relations to which the Euler-Lagrange expressions are subject to, and therefore the Euler-Lagrange equations of the system are not independent.
Converse result
editA converse of the second Noether them can also be established. Specifically, suppose that the Euler-Lagrange expressions of the system are subject to differential relations Letting be an arbitrary -tuple of functions, the formal adjoint of the operator acts on these functions through the formula which defines the adjoint operator uniquely. The coefficients of the adjoint operator are obtained through integration by parts as before, specifically where Then the definition of the adjoint operator together with the relations state that for each -tuple of functions , the value of the adjoint on the functions when contracted with the Euler-Lagrange expressions is a total divergence, viz. therefore if we define the variations the variation of the Lagrangian is a total divergence, hence the variations are quasi-symmetries for every value of the functions .
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Noether, Emmy (1918), "Invariante Variationsprobleme", Nachr. D. König. Gesellsch. D. Wiss. Zu Göttingen, Math-phys. Klasse, 1918: 235–257
- Translated in Noether, Emmy (1971). "Invariant variation problems". Transport Theory and Statistical Physics. 1 (3): 186–207. arXiv:physics/0503066. Bibcode:1971TTSP....1..186N. doi:10.1080/00411457108231446. S2CID 119019843.
References
edit- Kosmann-Schwarzbach, Yvette (2010). The Noether theorems: Invariance and conservation laws in the twentieth century. Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-87867-6.
- Olver, Peter (1993). Applications of Lie groups to differential equations. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 107 (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-95000-1.
- Sardanashvily, G. (2016). Noether's Theorems. Applications in Mechanics and Field Theory. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-94-6239-171-0.
Further reading
edit- Noether, Emmy (1971). "Invariant Variation Problems". Transport Theory and Statistical Physics. 1 (3): 186–207. arXiv:physics/0503066. Bibcode:1971TTSP....1..186N. doi:10.1080/00411457108231446. S2CID 119019843.
- Fulp, Ron; Lada, Tom; Stasheff, Jim (2002). "Noether's variational theorem II and the BV formalism". arXiv:math/0204079.
- Bashkirov, D.; Giachetta, G.; Mangiarotti, L.; Sardanashvily, G (2008). "The KT-BRST Complex of a Degenerate Lagrangian System". Letters in Mathematical Physics. 83 (3): 237–252. arXiv:math-ph/0702097. Bibcode:2008LMaPh..83..237B. doi:10.1007/s11005-008-0226-y. S2CID 119716996.
- Montesinos, Merced; Gonzalez, Diego; Celada, Mariano; Diaz, Bogar (2017). "Reformulation of the symmetries of first-order general relativity". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 34 (20): 205002. arXiv:1704.04248. Bibcode:2017CQGra..34t5002M. doi:10.1088/1361-6382/aa89f3. S2CID 119268222.
- Montesinos, Merced; Gonzalez, Diego; Celada, Mariano (2018). "The gauge symmetries of first-order general relativity with matter fields". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 35 (20): 205005. arXiv:1809.10729. Bibcode:2018CQGra..35t5005M. doi:10.1088/1361-6382/aae10d. S2CID 53531742.