In Greek and Roman mythology, Nisus (Ancient Greek: Νῖσος, romanized: Nîsos) and Euryalus (/jʊəˈraɪ.ələs/; Ancient Greek: Εὐρύαλος, romanized: Eurýalos, lit. 'broad') are a pair of friends serving under Aeneas in the Aeneid, the Augustan epic by Virgil. Their foray among the enemy, narrated in book nine, demonstrates their stealth and prowess as warriors, but ends as a tragedy: the loot Euryalus acquires (a glistening Rutulian helmet) attracts attention, and the two die together. Virgil presents their deaths as a loss of admirable loyalty and valor. They also appear in Book 5, during the funeral games of Anchises, where Virgil takes note of their amor pius, a love that exhibits the pietas that is Aeneas's own distinguishing virtue.[1]
In describing the bonds of devotion between the two men, Virgil draws on conventions of erotic poetry that have suggested a romantic relationship to some, interpreted by scholars in light of the Greek custom of paiderastia,[2] in which their amor pius possibly also expresses sexual love, comparing their ambiguous relationship to that of Achilles and Patroclus.[3]
Mythology
editBackground
editNisus and Euryalus are among the refugees who in the aftermath of the Trojan War flee under the leadership of Aeneas, the highest-ranking Trojan to survive. Nisus was the son of Hyrtacus,[4] and was known for his hunting. The family cultivated the huntress-goddess who inhabited Mount Ida.[5] Euryalus, who was younger, has spent his entire life in a state of war and displacement.[6] He was trained as a fighter by his battle-hardened father, Opheltes,[7] of whom he speaks with pride. Opheltes seems to have died at Troy.
After their wanderings around the Mediterranean, the Trojans are fated to land on the shores of Italy. Some members of their party, especially the matres ("mothers"), are settled at Sicily before the Italian war, but the mother of Euryalus refused to be parted from her son and continued on.[8]
Characterization
editAlthough Nisus and Euryalus are inseparable as a pair in the narrative, each is given a distinct characterization. Nisus is the elder, more experienced man. He is swift and accurate (acerrimus) in the use of projectile weapons, the javelin (iaculum) and arrows.
Euryalus is still young, with the face of a boy (puer) who hasn't started shaving, just old enough to bear arms. He was more beautiful (pulchrior) than any other of Aeneas's men at arms. Euryalus maintains a loving relationship with his mother. He refuses to see her before he leaves on his mission, because he cannot bear her inevitable tears, and yet his first concern amid promises of rich rewards is that she be cared for if he fails to return.[9]
Plot and themes
editThe foray by Nisus and Euryalus is a well-developed, self-contained episode[10] that occurs in the "Iliadic" half of the Aeneid, set during the war through which the displaced Trojans established themselves among the inhabitants of central Italy. Virgil introduces the characters anew, but they have already appeared in Book 5,[11] at the funeral games held for Aeneas's father, Anchises, during the "Odyssean" first half of the epic.[12] The games demonstrate behaviors that in the war to come will result in victory or defeat; in particular, the footrace in which Nisus and Euryalus compete prefigures their disastrous mission.[13]
The five runners are, in the order in which they would have finished, Nisus, Salius, Euryalus, Elymus, and Diores. Nisus, however, slips in the blood from the cattle sacrificed during the religious rituals that preceded the race. Recognizing that he can't recover his lead, he trips Salius to hand the victory to Euryalus. Nisus shows himself willing to sacrifice his own honor in order to help Euryalus, but the gesture demonstrates not only his loyalty but a willingness to cheat. Salius objects to the foul, and is given a consolation prize. Nisus receives compensation for his bad luck, and Euryalus gets the winner's prize. The incident is treated as comic, but becomes ominous in light of what happens to the pair later.[14]
Although the night raid of Nisus and Euryalus has a discrete narrative unity, it is closely related to major themes of the epic, such as the transition from boyhood to manhood, also present in the characters of Ascanius, Pallas, and Lausus,[15] and the waste of young lives in war. Nisus and Euryalus's killing spree through the camp of the Rutuli is one of Virgil's most brutal descriptions of combat (especially when Nisus beheads the military leader Remus with his warriors Lamyrus, Lamus and Serranus). The poetry of Euryalus's death – "as when a richly hued flower is cut down by the plough and withers as it dies, or when the rains beat down the poppy's head, weighed down on slack neck" – is a replay of the death of Gorgythion in the Iliad.
Notes
edit- ^ James Anderson Winn, The Poetry of War (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 162.
- ^ Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and Civilization (Harvard University Press, 2003), pp. 84–86; Winn, The Poetry of War, p. 162.
- ^ Marco Fantuzzi, Achilles in Love: Intertextual Studies (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 251–255
- ^ Virgil, Aeneid 9.175, 234, 319 & 406
- ^ Virgil, Aeneid 9.406–408
- ^ Mark Petrini, The Child and the Hero: Coming of Age in Catullus and Vergil (University of Michigan Press, 1997), pp. 21–22.
- ^ bellis adsuetus, Aeneid 9.201
- ^ Virgil, Aeneid 9.284–286; Petrini, The Child and the Hero, p. 22.
- ^ Petrini, The Child and the Hero, p. 22.
- ^ Petrini, The Child and the Hero, p. 21.
- ^ The race is narrated at Aeneid 5.286ff.
- ^ Although the games are an episode in the wanderings, they recall the funeral games for Patroclus in Iliad 23; Lee Fratantuono, Madness Unchained: A Reading of Virgil's Aeneid (Lexington Books, 2007), p. 131.
- ^ W.S. Anderson, The Art of the Aeneid (Bolchazy-Carducci, 2005, originally published 1969), p. 60.
- ^ Anderson, The Art of the Aeneid, p. 60.
- ^ Petrini, The Child and the Hero, p. 21.
References
edit- Dictionary of Classical Mythology. London: Penguin, 1990. ISBN 978-0-14-051235-9.
- Guy-Bray, Stephen. "Cowley's Latin Lovers: Nisus and Euryalus in the Davideis." Classical and Modern Literature: A Quarterly 21.1 (2001): 25–42.
- MacMullen, Ramsay. "Roman Attitudes to Greek Love." Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 31.4 (1982): 484–502.
- Makowski, John F. "Nisus and Euryalus: A Platonic Relationship." The Classical Journal 85.1 (1989): 1–15.
- Publius Vergilius Maro, Aeneid. Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Publius Vergilius Maro, Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Virgil, Aeneid, V.294; IX.176-445.
