New Orleans, Louisiana was a major, if not the major, slave market of the lower Mississippi River valley of the United States from approximately 1830 until the American Civil War. Slaves from the upper south were trafficked by land and by sea to New Orleans where they were sold at a markup to the cotton and sugar plantation barons of the region.
History
editIn the years immediately following the War of 1812, the most active slave markets in the Deep South of the United States were at Algiers, Louisiana, and Natchez, Mississippi.[1] One New Orleans historian found evidence of that "the mistress of the trade", [2] as New Orleans was later known, was open for business in the first years of the 19th century, but "it was not till the 1820s had well set in that the number of American slave merchants grew to impressive proportions" and by 1827 "New Orleans had become the chief center of the slave trade in the lower South"[3]: 151
By the 1850s the city had what was essentially a dedicated "slave district" that was "dominated by traders' pens and offices: in 1854, there were no fewer than seven slave dealers in a single block on Gravier, while on a single square on Moreau Street there was a row of eleven particularly commodious slave pens."[4] As Frederic Bancroft put it in his Slave-Trading in the Old South:[2]
Nowhere else, except next to the Exchange in Charleston and in the marketplace in Montgomery, was slave-trading on a large scale so conspicuous. In New Orleans it sought public attention: slave-auctions were regularly held in its two grand hotels besides other public places; and in much frequented streets there were slave-depots, show-rooms, show-windows, broad verandas and even neighborhoods where gayly dressed slaves were prominently exhibited. In New Orleans, markets and buyers were most numerous, money was most plentiful, profits were largest. Slave-trading there had a peculiar dash: it rejoiced in its display and prosperity; it felt unashamed, almost proud.[2]
The New Orleans slave market was closed in 1864 by the United States Army: "By order of Major General Banks, all the 'signs' of the slave-pens or auctions were erased. The names of Hatch's [sic], Foster's, Wilson's, Campbell's, have disappeared from their respective houses. Campbell's slave pen is a rebel-prison. 'Got in dar ye-self,' a black woman said, as she saw the rebel prisoners tiling into the old pen. 'Use' to put us dar! Gos dar ye-self now. De Lord's comin'.' A few of the old slave-traders remain, gliding about like ghosts, and wasting away daily in the uncongenial atmosphere of freedom."[5]
Slave dealers
editTraders listed in the 1846 New Orleans city directory:[6]
- Boudar Thomas negro trader 11 Moreau St.
- Chriswell, E. negro trader, Circus b. Gravier and Perdido streets
- Davis, Marc negro trader 14 Moreau st.
- Donevan & Wilson, negro traders 56 Esplanade st.
- Hagan, John negro trader, c. Esplanade and Moreau st.
- Hite, S. N. negro trader 100 Union st. 2 m.
- Lockett, Edward negro trader 18 Moreau st.
- Peterson & Stewart, negro traders c. Common and Franklin streets.
- Slatter, Henry negro trader c. Esplanade and Moreau sts
- White, J. R. negro trader Union n. St. Charles st.[a]
- Williams, H. William negro trader 58 Esplanade st.
- Williams, W. B. negro trader 117 Perdido St.
Traders listed in the 1861 New Orleans city directory:[8]
- Andrius Henry, 195 Gravier
- Boazman J. W. 166 Gravier
- Bruin Joseph, Esplanade c. Chartres
- Campbell Walter L. 54 Baronne
- Elam R. H. 58 Baronne
- Foster Thomas, 76 and 78 Baronne
- Hatcher Charles F. 195 Gravier
- Johnston Theodore, 8 Moreau
- Lilly A. 48 Baronne
- Long R. W. 161 Gravier
- Loftin E. 169 Gravier.
- Matthews Thos. E. Esplanade c. Chartres
- Peterson H. F. 8 late 15 Perdido
- Poindexter & Little, 48 Baronne
- Rutherford C. M. 68 Baronne
- Smith John B. 90 Baronne
- Weisemann A. 177 Gravier
- Wilson J. M. Gravier c. Baronne
See also
edit- St. Charles Hotel, New Orleans
- St. Louis Hotel
- Verandah Hotel
- City Hotel (New Orleans)
- Banks' Arcade
- Exchange Alley
- United States Custom House (New Orleans)
- List of streets of New Orleans
- History of slavery in Louisiana
- Forks of the Road slave market
- Hamburg, South Carolina slave market
- Nashville, Tennessee slave markets
Notes
edit- ^ Unclear if this is John R. White, the slave trader from Missouri, or John R. White, the slave trader from Virginia.[7]
References
edit- ^ James, D. Clayton (1993) [1968]. Antebellum Natchez. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-8071-1860-3. LCCN 68028496. OCLC 28281641.
- ^ a b c Bancroft (2023), p. 312.
- ^ Kendall, John S. (January 1939). "Shadow Over the City". The Louisiana Historical Quarterly. 22 (1). New Orleans: Louisiana Historical Society: 142–165. ISSN 0095-5949. OCLC 1782268. LDS Film 1425689, Image Group Number (DGS) 1640025 – via FamilySearch Digital Library.
- ^ Tadman (1989), p. 98.
- ^ "Letter from Major Plumly". The Liberator. 1864-11-11. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-07-28.
- ^ Michel & Co., New Orleans (1845). New Orleans annual and commercial register of 1846. Containing the names, residences and professions of all the heads of families and persons in business of the city and suburbs, Algiers and Lafayette, &c. . The Library of Congress. New Orleans, E.A. Michel & Co.
- ^ Johnson, Walter (2000). "The Slave Trader, the White Slave, and the Politics of Racial Determination in the 1850s". The Journal of American History. 87 (1): 13–38. doi:10.2307/2567914. JSTOR 2567914.
- ^ "Gardner's New Orleans directory for 1861 : including Jefferson City, Gretna, Carrollton, Algiers, and McDonogh : with a new map of the city, a street and ..." HathiTrust. hdl:2027/dul1.ark:/13960/t5n880n68. Retrieved 2024-07-28.
Sources
edit- Bancroft, Frederic (2023) [1931, 1996]. Slave Trading in the Old South (Original publisher: J. H. Fürst Co., Baltimore). Southern Classics Series. Introduction by Michael Tadman (Reprint ed.). Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-64336-427-8. LCCN 95020493. OCLC 1153619151.
- Tadman, Michael (1989). Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-11850-1.