The Black Front (Dutch: Zwart Front), later known as the National Front (Nationaal Front) was a Dutch Greater Netherlands and fascist movement active before and during the first years of the Second World War.
Black Front / National Front Zwart Front / Nationaal Front | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Leader | Arnold Meijer |
| Founded | May 1934 |
| Dissolved | December 1941 |
| Split from | General Dutch Fascist League |
| Headquarters | Oisterwijk (Black Front), The Hague (National Front) |
| Newspaper | Zwart Front De Weg Nederlandsch Dagblad |
| Ideology | Fascism Greater Netherlands |
Party history
editThe Black Front grew out of the southern section of the General Dutch Fascist League, with regional organiser Arnold Meijer quarrelling with leader Jan Baars and leading his followers out in 1934.[1] The Black Front emerged and soon took over a number of smaller movements, while also gaining some support among the poorer parts of society. Although similar to its parent movement, the Black Front emphasised a more Catholic line in tune with Meijer's own religious beliefs.[2] Taking its cue in part from Italian fascism, it adopted that movement's black-shirted uniform while adding a unique emblem featuring a sword between a pair of ram horns.[3]
As a revolutionary fascist party, the small organisation was fiercely anti-capitalist and often came into contact with the justice system. Meijer was convicted multiple times of ignoring the ban on political uniforms and insulting government officials, including Prime Minister Colijn. In 1938, the Black Front leader spent three months in the prison of Breda for insulting Prime Minister Colijn and Minister Van Schaik.[4] The party also had a paramilitary wing named the Black Storm (Zwarte Storm).[4]
The group struggled to gain support from the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB); it was renamed the National Front in 1940.[1] The National Front was ultimately banned by Nazi Germany on 14 December 1941, along with all other Dutch political parties except for the NSB. The majority of its members switched to the NSB, although Meijer, disillusioned, left politics altogether.[5]
Members
edit- Arnold Meijer, party leader;
- Eugène van Wessem, Greater Netherlands ideologue and victim of Nazi persecution;
- Gustav Adolf Larsen, fascist ideologue;
- Jan Derk Domela Nieuwenhuis Nyegaard, Reformed minister and former member of the Council of Flanders.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Philip Rees, Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890, p. 260
- ^ Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism 1914-1945, London, Routledge, 2001, p. 302
- ^ David Littlejohn, The Patriotic Traitors, London: Heinemann, 1972, p. 85
- ^ a b Van Noort, André (2022). 'Storm op den staat!': Arnold Meijer 1905-1965. Uitgeverij Verloren. ISBN 9789464550221.
- ^ Littlejohn, Patriotic Traitors. p. 100