Muhammad Bukhari bin Uthman (Arabic: محمد البخاري ابن عثمان ابن فودي, romanized: Muḥammad al-Bukhārī bin ʿUthmān bin Fūdī; 1785–1840) was an Islamic scholar and a noted poet who was the first Emir of Tambawel. Bukhari was an important military commander who participated and led several military campaigns during the jihad of Usman dan Fodio.
| Muhammadu Bukhari | |
|---|---|
| Emir of Tambawel | |
| Reign | 1810s–1839/40 |
| Predecessor | position established |
| Successor | Umar |
| Born | 1785 Degel, Gobir (in modern day Sokoto State) |
| Died | 1840/41 (aged c. 55–56) |
| Issue |
|
| Father | Usman dan Fodio |
| Occupation |
|
| Relatives | Muhammad Bukhari bin Ahmad (grandson) |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance |  Sokoto Caliphate |
| Battles/wars |
|
Early life
editMuhammad Bukhari was born in Degel, a small town in the Hausa kingdom of Gobir. His father Usman dan Fodio was a noted Islamic scholar and preacher from the Fulani clan of Torodbe. His mother Aisha came from a family with a long tradition of scholarship.[1] Bukhari studied under his father, and his uncle, Abdullahi. Because he was raised in Abdullahi's house, Bukhari dedicated much of his life to his uncle. Among his other teachers was al-Mustafa bin Muhammad al-Turudi, a scribe for Usman and the father of the Sokoto scholar Abd al-Qadir dan Tafa.[2][3]: 169
Life
editBukhari was one of the eight commanders of the Sokoto jihad. He participated in campaigns in the southern region of the Sokoto Caliphate, including Nupe, alongside his cousin Muhammad Wani, Abdullahi's son.[3]: 52 He was also actively involved in the Gwandu campaigns, aimed at pacifying the region. In 1805, Bukhari joined Abdullahi's forces in a campaign against the Hausa kingdom of Kebbi. After the fall of Birnin-Kebbi, the Sarkin Kebbi, Muhammadu Hodi, fled the capital. However, in 1816, Hodi mounted a fierce resistance against the Caliphate from his strongholds in Kimba, Augi, and Argungu, which ultimately ended in 1826 when he was killed by Bukhari.[4]: 248–249
After the jihad was won in 1808, Usman dan Fodio appointed his brother Abdullahi to govern the western and southern regions of the Caliphate, assigning Bukhari to oversee the southern territories, which he managed as the Emir of Tambawel. Tambawel was a fief Bukhari founded which grew to become the main stronghold in the South, second only to Gwandu, which remained under the control of Abdullahi and his descendants. However, the importance of this area diminished during the reign of Caliph Abu Bakr Atiku (1837–1842).[3]: 79 Starting in 1812, Bukhari was tasked with administering Nupe after Abdullahi retired from government affairs.[5]
In January 1818, a fierce revolt broke out in Kalambaina, a town near Gwandu. The rebels were followers of Abd al-Salam, who had also rebelled against the Caliphate a month earlier. The Kalambaina revolt lasted two years until a combined force led by Caliph Muhammad Bello, Atiku, Bukhari, and Wani successfully captured the town, which led to reconciliation between Gwandu and Sokoto after Bello's succession in 1817.[1][3]: 70
In 1836, the emirate of Ilorin faced an attack from a combined force of Oyo and Borgu. Bukhari, alongside his brother Muhammad Sambo, led a combined force from Sokoto and Gwandu to aid in the defense of Ilorin. Although the Oyo-Borgu forces initially pushed Bukhari's army back to Ilorin, their morale collapsed after the Emir of Borgu was killed in battle, allowing the Sokoto-Gwandu forces to successfully defend the city.[4]: 401 The conflict also led to the death of the last Alaafin of Oyo, leading to the eventual fall of the Yoruba empire.[6][7]
Following the death of Bello in 1837, there was no clear successor as he refused to name one. Bukhari and his older brother Abu Bakr Atiku were the leading candidates. After much deliberation, the Council of Electors chose Atiku as the new Caliph.[3]: 81 [8]: 146 Despite Bukhari's distinguished military record and his reputation as a poet, he was passed over. Some suggest this was due to his ghazal poems, while others believe it was because he had suffered a leg injury after falling from his horse, breaking his leg at the critical juncture, making him unfit for office.[2][9]
Writings
editBukhari was a noted scholar and poet who wrote in classical Arabic. Today, twenty of his qasa'id survive and are preserved around Nigeria.[2][3]: 99 He was also known for his controversial ghazal poems.[2][10]: 364
References
edit- ^ a b Asma'u, Nana (1997). Boyd, Jean; Mack, Beverly B. (eds.). Collected Works Of Nana Asmau Daughter Of Usman Dan Fodiyo 1793. Michigan State University Press. pp. 120–121.
- ^ a b c d Hunwick, John, ed. (1994). Arabic literature of Africa. Internet Archive. Leiden ; New York : E.J. Brill. pp. 154–157. ISBN 978-90-04-09450-5.
- ^ a b c d e f Last, Murray (1967). The Sokoto Caliphate. Internet Archive. [New York] Humanities Press.
- ^ a b S. J. Hogben, A. H. M. Kirk-Greene (1966). The Emirates Of Northern Nigeria A Preliminary Survey Of Their Historical Traditions. Internet Archive.
- ^ Naylor, Paul (2021). From Rebels to Rulers: Writing Legitimacy in the Early Sokoto State. Religion in Transforming Africa. Boydell & Brewer. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-84701-270-8.
- ^ Danmole, H O (1991). Falola, Toyin (ed.). Yoruba historiography. Internet Archive. [Madison, Wis.] : African Studies Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison. pp. 94–111. ISBN 978-0-942615-10-4.
- ^ Reichmuth, Stefan (1993). "Imam Umaru's Account of the Origins of the Ilọrin Emirate: A Manuscript in the Heinz Sölken Collection, Frankfurt". Sudanic Africa. 4: 155–173. ISSN 0803-0685.
- ^ Hugh Anthony Stephens Johnston (1967-01-01). The Fulani Empire of Sokoto [by] H. A. S. Johnston (West African history series). Internet Archive. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Joseph P. Smaldone (1977). Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate: Historical and Sociological Perspectives. Internet Archive. Cambridge University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-521-21069-0.
- ^ Zehnle, Stephanie (2020-01-20). A Geography of Jihad: Sokoto Jihadism and the Islamic Frontier in West Africa. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-067536-8.