Mount Smart (Māori: Rarotonga or Te Ipu kura a Maki; officially Rarotonga / Mount Smart)[1][2][3] is one of the volcanoes and Tūpuna Maunga (ancestral mountain) in the Auckland volcanic field. A century of quarrying removed almost all the 87 meter scoria cone along with extensive terracing excavated by Māori. The former quarry is now the site of Mount Smart Stadium.
| Rarotonga / Mount Smart | |
|---|---|
 Rarotonga / Mt Smart, showing terracing excavated by Māori, photographed in 1899. | |
| Highest point | |
| Coordinates | 36°55′6″S 174°48′45″E / 36.91833°S 174.81250°E |
| Naming | |
| Native name | |
| Geography | |
 | |
| Location | North Island, New Zealand |
| Geology | |
| Volcanic arc/belt | Auckland volcanic field |
Geography and history
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The volcano erupted around 20,000 years ago. The scoria cone was formerly 87 metres high with a small crater (around 57 m higher than the surrounding land). Lava flowed about 300 hectares from the eruption, reaching the Manukau Harbour at Māngere. It was the site of defensive Māori pā built on extensive excavated terracing.[4][5][2]
The name Rarotonga means "the lower south" and was brought from Hawaiki.[4] Rarotonga is where Rakataura, a tohunga of the Tainui waka, first settled in Aotearoa.[6] After a period of time, Rakataura decided to travel south with his wife Kahukeke, who died during the journey.[6] Te Ipu kura a Maki means "the red bowl of Maki".[4][2]
Rarotonga was renamed Mount Smart by European settlers after Henry Dalton Smart, a lieutenant in the mounted police in the 1840s.[4][7]
During 1865 to the 1960s Mount Smart was mostly quarried away. Lower southern and eastern slopes remain and were planted in pōhutukawa during the 1940s. At the same time, the quarry was reserved, and Mt Smart Stadium was built in the 1960s.[2]
In the 2014 Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the Crown and the Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau collective of 13 Auckland iwi and hapū (also known as the Tāmaki Collective), ownership of the 14 Tūpuna Maunga of Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland, was vested to the collective, including the volcano officially named Rarotonga / Mount Smart. The legislation specified that the land be held in trust "for the common benefit of Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau and the other people of Auckland". The Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority or Tūpuna Maunga Authority (TMA) is the co-governance organisation established to administer the 14 Tūpuna Maunga. Auckland Council manages the Tūpuna Maunga under the direction of the TMA.[8][9][10][1]
References
edit- ^ a b "Place name detail: 54762". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Rarotonga". www.maunga.nz. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ^ Council, Auckland. "Rarotonga / Mount Smart". Auckland Council. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ^ a b c d Hayward, Bruce W.; Murdoch, Graeme; Maitland, Gordon (2011). Volcanoes of Auckland: The Essential Guide. Auckland University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-86940-479-6.
- ^ City of Volcanoes: A geology of Auckland - Searle, Ernest J.; revised by Mayhill, R.D.; Longman Paul, 1981. First published 1964. ISBN 0-582-71784-1,
- ^ a b Walker, Ranginui (2004). "Nga Korero o Nehera". Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou - Struggle Without End (Second ed.). Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books. p. 46. ISBN 9780143019459.
- ^ "Introducing Rarotonga Mount Smart Stadium". Warriors. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ^ "Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014 No 52 (as at 12 April 2022), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ Dearnaley, Mathew (27 September 2014). "Volcanic cones regain Maori names". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ^ Council, Auckland. "Tūpuna Maunga significance and history". Auckland Council. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- Volcanoes of Auckland: A Field Guide. Hayward, B.W.; Auckland University Press, 2019, 335 pp. ISBN 0-582-71784-1.