Moonmilk (sometimes called mondmilch, also known as montmilch or cave milk) is a white, creamy substance found inside limestone, dolomite, and possibly other types of caves. It is a precipitate from limestone comprising aggregates of fine crystals of varying composition, usually made of carbonates such as calcite, aragonite, hydromagnesite, and/or monohydrocalcite.
| Speleothem rock | |
 Moonmilk ostensibly created from Macromonas bipunctata in the cave Bergmilchkammer | |
| Composition | |
|---|---|
| Carbonates (e.g., calcite, aragonite, hydromagnesite, monohydrocalcite) | |
| Texture | Creamy, soft |
Formation and Composition
editMoonmilk forms as a result of several processes, including both chemical reactions and possible bacterial action. One hypothesis suggests that moonmilk is created by the bacterium Macromonas bipunctata. However, no microbiological studies have been carried out to confirm this. Moonmilk was originally thought to be created by moon rays, a misconception reflected in its name.[1]
It is possible that moonmilk forms when water dissolves and softens the karst in caves, carrying dissolved nutrients that are used by microbes, such as Actinomycetes. As microbial colonies grow, they trap and accumulate chemically precipitated crystals in an organic matter-rich matrix. These heterotrophic microbes, which produce CO2 as a waste product of respiration and possibly organic acids, may help to dissolve the carbonate.[citation needed]
Historical and Cultural Uses
editIn 2017, archaeologists at the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences in China discovered a bronze jar dating back over 2,700 years, containing animal fat combined with moonmilk. This mixture is believed to have been used as a cosmetic face cream by Chinese noblemen.[2]
Being soft, moonmilk was frequently used as a medium for finger fluting, a form of prehistoric art.
The Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner described moonmilk's use as a medicine in the 16th century. It continued to be prescribed until the 19th century.[3]
Notable Formations
editThe world's largest formation of brushite moonmilk is found in the Big Room of Kartchner Caverns State Park in southern Arizona.[4]
References
edit- ^ Gessner, Conrad (1555). Descriptio Montis Fracti sive Montis Pilati [Description of Mount Fractus, or Mount Pilatus] (in Latin). p. 54. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
- ^ Marshall, Michael (2019-02-26). "2700-year-old face cream was made from animal fat and cave 'milk'". New Scientist. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
- ^ Moonmilk Archived 2012-05-31 at the Wayback Machine in showcaves.com.
- ^ Cronkite, Amy. "State celebrates 10 years of Kartchner Caverns Big Room tours". Retrieved 27 February 2015.
External links
edit
- Moonmilk and Cave-dwelling Microbes
- Micromonas bipunctata
- The Virtual Cave: Moonmilk
- Novedades Rio Subterráneo de Leche de Luna (Spanish)
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