Wikipedia

Misophonia

Misophonia (or selective sound sensitivity syndrome, sound-rage) is a disorder of decreased tolerance to specific sounds or their associated stimuli, or cues. These cues, known as "triggers", are experienced as unpleasant or distressing and tend to evoke strong negative emotional, physiological, and behavioral responses that are not seen in most other people.[4] Misophonia and misophonic symptoms can adversely affect the ability to achieve life goals and enjoy social situations. It was first recognized in 2001,[5] though it is still not in the DSM-5 or any similar manual.[6][7][8][9][5] For this reason it has been called a "neglected disorder".[10]

Misophonia
Other namesselective sound sensitivity syndrome,[1] select sound sensitivity syndrome, sound-rage[2][3]
Pronunciation
SpecialtyAudiology, neurology, psychiatry
Usual onsetVariable (childhood through adulthood)
CausesNeuropsychological and perceptual processing differences of unclear etiology

Reactions to trigger sounds range from annoyance to anger, with possible activation of the fight-or-flight response. Misophonia responses do not seem to be elicited by the loudness of the sound, but rather by its specific pattern or meaning to the hearer. Triggers are commonly repetitive stimuli and are primarily, but not exclusively, related to the human body, such as chewing, eating, smacking lips, slurping, coughing, throat clearing, sniffing, and swallowing. Once a trigger stimulus is detected, people with misophonia may have difficulty distracting themselves from the stimulus and may experience suffering, distress, and/or impairment in social, occupational, or academic functioning. The expression of misophonia symptoms varies, as does the severity, which ranges from mild to severe. Some people with misophonia are aware that their reactions to misophonic triggers are disproportionate to the circumstances. Misophonia symptoms are typically first observed in childhood or early adolescence.[4] Studies have shown that misophonia can cause problems in school, work, social life, and family.[11]

Origin of term

edit

The term was coined in 2001 by professor Pawel Jastreboff and doctor Margaret M. Jastreboff, with the assistance of the classicist Guy Lee,[12][13] introducing it in their article "Hyperacusis",[14] with further explanation in the International Tinnitus and Hyperacusis Society's ITHS Newsletter.[5]

The term "misophonia" was first used in a peer-reviewed journal in 2002.[15] Before that, the disorder was more commonly called "Selective Sound Sensitivity Syndrome", or "4S", named by audiologist Marsha Johnson. Others have proposed "Conditioned Aversive Response Disorder" (C.A.R.D.) as a more suitable name.[16]

"Misophonia" comes from the Ancient Greek words μῖσος (IPA: /mîː.sos/), meaning "hate", and φωνή (IPA: /pʰɔː.nɛ̌ː/), meaning "voice" or "sound", loosely translating to "hate of sound", and was coined to differentiate the condition from other forms of decreased sound tolerance such as hyperacusis (hypersensitivity to certain frequencies and volume ranges) and phonophobia (fear of sounds).[3][17][5]

Signs and symptoms

edit

As of 2016, the literature on misophonia was limited.[9] Some initial small studies showed that people with misophonia generally have strong negative feelings, thoughts, and physical reactions to specific sounds, which the literature calls "trigger sounds". These sounds usually appear quiet or unnoticeable to others, but can seem loud, or at least unpleasantly magnified, to the person with misophonia. One study found that around 80% of the sounds were related to the mouth (e.g., eating, slurping, chewing or popping gum, whispering, whistling, nose sniffing) and around 60% were repetitive. But more recent research provides neural evidence for non-orofacial triggers.[18] A visual trigger may develop related to the trigger sound,[9][19] and a misophonic reaction can occur in the absence of a sound (examples include leg swinging, hair twirling, and finger pointing).[3][2]

Reactions to triggers can range from mild (anxiety, discomfort, and/or disgust) to severe (rage, anger, hatred, panic, fear, and/or emotional distress).[8] There may be unwanted sexual arousal.[20][21][22][23][24][25][26] This latter symptom appears to have certain parallels to the corresponding subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder[27][28][29] and is likewise often misunderstood and underreported for fear of misinterpretative stigma, but it is common.

Reactions to the triggers can include aggression toward the origin of the sound, leaving, remaining in its presence but suffering, trying to block it, and trying to mimic the sound.[19] Reactions can also include physical responses, such as increased heart rate, tightness in the chest and head, and hypertension.[3]

The first misophonic reaction may occur when a person is young, often between the ages of 9 and 13,[8] and can originate from someone in a close relationship, or a pet.[19]

Fear and anxiety associated with trigger sounds can cause the person to avoid important social and other interactions that may expose them to these sounds. This avoidance and other behaviors can make it harder for people with this condition to achieve their goals and enjoy interpersonal interactions.[3] It can also have a significant negative effect on their careers and relationships.[30]

Combined studies have illustrated that 45% of cases of misophonia became worse over time without treatment.[11]

Mechanism

edit

Misophonia's mechanism is not yet fully understood, but it appears that it may be caused by a dysfunction of the central nervous system in the brain and not of the ears.[9][2] The perceived origin and context of the sound appears to play an important role in triggering a reaction.[2]

A 2017 study[31] found that the anterior insular cortex (which plays a role both in emotions like anger and in integrating outside input, such as sound, with input from organs such as the heart and lungs) causes more activity in other parts of the brain in response to triggers, particularly in the parts responsible for long-term memories, fear, and other emotions. It also found that people with misophonia have higher amounts of myelin (a fatty substance that wraps around nerve cells in the brain to provide electrical insulation). It is not clear whether myelin is a cause or an effect of misophonia and its triggering of other brain areas.[32]

A 2021 study found that the orofacial motor cortex, a part of the brain representing lip, jaw, and mouth movement, has enhanced activation for typical trigger sounds much more than for aversive or neutral sounds in misophonia sufferers. It also found enhanced functional connectivity between orofacial motor cortex and secondary auditory cortex during sound perception for any sound. It further reported resting state fMRI functional connectivity between orofacial motor cortex and secondary auditory and visual brain areas as well as secondary interoceptive cortex (left anterior insula). This suggests that misophonia, which is typically thought of as a disorder of sound emotion processing, is a result of overactivation of the motor mirror neuron system involved in producing the movements associated with these trigger sounds or images.[33]

Diagnosis

edit

In 2022, clinical and scientific leaders convened to create a consensus definition of misophonia,[4] agreeing that it is a disorder of decreased tolerance to specific sounds and their associated stimuli. Before this consensus definition was reached, scholars and clinicians debated how to describe and define misophonia, which has limited comparison of study cohorts and hampered the development of standard diagnostic criteria.[4]

Misophonia is distinguished from hyperacusis, which is not specific to a given sound and does not involve a similar strong reaction, and from phonophobia, which is a fear of loud sounds,[19] but it may occur with either.[34] There are no standard diagnostic criteria,[6][19] and many doctors are unaware of the disorder.[8]

Studies show that misophonia often has related comorbid conditions, including anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder,[35] OCD,[36][37][38] and depressive disorders.[39][40] Some research supports the belief that misophonia is genetic, but more research is needed.[41] It appears that misophonia can occur on its own or along with other health, developmental, and psychiatric problems.[8] When attempting to diagnose a patient with misophonia, doctors sometimes mistake its symptoms for an anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder.[8]

Despite misophonia's relative phenotypic distinctiveness, it has been suggested that it belongs to the spectrum of obsessive-compulsive-and-related disorders.[42][43][44] Indeed, distinguishing certain elements of misophonia from those of obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder may be difficult, as many features often overlap.[45][46][47][48][49]

Classification

edit

The diagnosis of misophonia is not recognized in the DSM-IV or the ICD-11, and it is not classified as a hearing or psychiatric disorder.[19] It may be a form of sound–emotion synesthesia, and has parallels with some anxiety disorders.[9] A 2022 structured study of prominent researchers resulted in the creation of the consensus definition of misophonia, determining that misophonia should be classified as a disorder, and not a symptom of another condition or syndrome.[8][4] During the early phase of research on misophonia, it was defined by different criteria with variable methods used to diagnose and assess symptom severity. As a result of lack of consensus about how to define and evaluate misophonia, comparisons between study cohorts were difficult, measurement tools were not psychometrically well-validated, and the field could not rigorously assess the efficacy of different treatment approaches. The creation of the definition serves as the foundation of future diagnostic criteria and validated diagnostic tools, and brings cohesion to the diverse and interdisciplinary misophonia research and clinical communities.[4][8]

Management

edit

Health care providers generally try to help people cope with misophonia by recognizing what the person is experiencing and working on coping strategies.[19] A majority of smaller studies done on the subject have focused on the use of tinnitus retraining therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure therapy, which is believed to decrease the person's awareness of their trigger sounds.[3] These treatment approaches have not been sufficiently studied to determine their effectiveness.[3][17] Other possible treatment options have been theorized by researchers, including acceptance-based approaches and mindfulness.[3] Ultimately, it is speculated that treatment methods may vary significantly in effectiveness from patient to patient.[3]

Minimal research has been conducted on the possible effects of neuromodulation and pharmacologic treatments. A study published in 2022 suggests that some forms of misophonia treatment may vary in effectiveness based on the preference of each patient, particularly in cases of parents with children who have misophonia.[50] In addition, the use of propranolol has also been found to be helpful in some patients.[51]

Clomipramine has anecdotally been found to be of use in at least a certain subset of people suffering from disorders allied with hyperacusis;[52] given its success in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, it may have a place in the treatment of misophonia,[53] which appears to have parallels with both conditions. Clomipramine does appear to have a distinct potential mediating effect on auditory-tone processing.[54][55] One specific phenomenon observed to this end with clomipramine in at least one instance is reduced electrodermal reactivity to innocuous auditory stimuli.[56]

Whether pindolol (a beta-blocker with similar action to propranolol and augmentative therapeutic effects in obsessive-compulsive disorder[57]) and certain selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., fluvoxamine, escitalopram, fluoxetine) can also prove effective in the treatment of misophonia likewise remains to be seen.

Large-scale research has not yet been conducted, but observation of coping strategies people with misophonia use has shown some consistent results.[3] People with misophonia often cope by avoiding distressing situations or distracting themselves from such situations,[58] for example by using earplugs or headphones, mimicking trigger sounds, and playing music.[30]

Sequent repatterning therapy

edit
 
The SRT process is associated with this logo, registered in 2019

Sequent Repatterning therapy for misophonia (SRT) is based on the idea that emotional responses are learned and consolidated over time, rather than innate, which makes it a form of cognitive behavioral therapy.[59] Development of this therapy began in 2012 when researcher Christopher Pearson applied aspects of hypnotherapy, parts work therapy, and NLP to create a therapy model for misophonia. He presented his work to the International Association of Neuropsychotherapy in 2017 and an article, "Reviewing Misophonia and its Treatment",[60] was published in International Journal of Neuropsychotherapy later that year. Pearson also contributed to the proposals for diagnostic criteria for misophonia, published in Frontiers.[61] Sequent Repatterning practitioners apply these diagnostic steps when assessing potential clients. Sequent Repatterning Therapy is not generally accepted by the clinical community and has not been shown to be an effective therapy for misophonia, which has not been shown to be caused through habituation therefore habituation-based therapies often exacerbate symptoms instead of easing them.

Epidemiology

edit

Research is still being conducted on misophonia's global prevalence, but a 2023 study found its prevalence in the UK to be around 18%.[62] This study has been cited in popular outlets, including BBC,[63] Medscape,[64] and Medical Xpress.[65] Studies of misophonia's global prevalence have found it to be as low as 5% and as high as 20%.[62] Its prevalence and severity seem to be similar across genders.[62] In the U.S., it is estimated that 3% of people are affected by misophonia. But in multiple studies, it was determined misophonia may be underdiagnosed (it is not yet an officially diagnosable condition), as it is correlated with other auditory disruptions; 92% of patients who are hyperaware of sounds also have misophonia.[11] There is evidence that significant numbers of undergraduate students in some psychology and medical-science departments suffer from misophonia.[66] The University of Nottingham conducted a study of misophonia in one sample of undergraduate medical students.[67] In 2017, similar rates were found in one university in China,[68] suggesting that the disorder is not specific to a culture.

It may be the case that people with misophonia are more likely to have high fluid intelligence.[69]

Associated symptoms

edit

Some people[who?] have sought to relate misophonia to autonomous sensory meridian response, or auto-sensory meridian response (ASMR), a pleasant form of paresthesia, a tingling sensation that typically begins on the scalp and moves down the back of the neck and upper spine.[70] ASMR is described as the opposite of what can be observed in reactions to specific audio stimuli in misophonia.[71] There are plentiful anecdotal reports of people who claim to have both misophonia and ASMR. Common to these reports is the experience of ASMR in response to some sounds and misophonia in response to others.[71][72][73]

Society and culture

edit

People who experience misophonia have formed online support groups.[74][75]

In 2016, a documentary about the condition, Quiet Please, was released.[76]

In 2020, a team of misophonia researchers[75] received the Ig Nobel Prize in medicine "for diagnosing a long-unrecognized medical condition".[77]

The 2022 film Tár depicts a conductor with misophonia.[78]

Season 1, episode 4 of Hulu's The Old Man has a brief discussion of misophonia.[79]

Notable cases

edit
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Sanchez TG, Silva FE (2017). "Familial misophonia or selective sound sensitivity syndrome: evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance?". Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 84 (5): 553–559. doi:10.1016/j.bjorl.2017.06.014. PMC 9452240. PMID 28823694.
  2. ^ a b c d Bruxner G (April 2016). "'Mastication rage': a review of misophonia - an under-recognised symptom of psychiatric relevance?". Australasian Psychiatry. 24 (2): 195–197. doi:10.1177/1039856215613010. PMID 26508801. S2CID 7106232.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cavanna AE, Seri S (August 2015). "Misophonia: current perspectives". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 11: 2117–2123. doi:10.2147/NDT.S81438. PMC 4547634. PMID 26316758.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Swedo SE, Baguley DM, Denys D, Dixon LJ, Erfanian M, Fioretti A, et al. (2022). "Consensus Definition of Misophonia: A Delphi Study". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 16: 841816. doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.841816. PMC 8969743. PMID 35368272.
  5. ^ a b c d Jastreboff MM, Jastreboff PJ (2001). "Components of decreased sound tolerance: hyperacusis, misophonia, phonophobia" (PDF). ITHS News: 5–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2023.
  6. ^ a b Brout JJ, Edelstein M, Erfanian M, Mannino M, Miller LJ, Rouw R, et al. (2018). "Investigating Misophonia: A Review of the Empirical Literature, Clinical Implications, and a Research Agenda". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12: 36. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00036. PMC 5808324. PMID 29467604.
  7. ^ Taylor S (June 2017). "Misophonia: A new mental disorder?". Medical Hypotheses. 103: 109–117. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.003. PMID 28571795.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Swedo S, Baguley DM, Denys D, Dixon LJ, Erfanian M, Fioretti A, Jastreboff PJ, Kumar S, Rosenthal MZ, Rouw R, Schiller D (2021). "A Consensus Definition of Misophonia: Using a Delphi Process to Reach Expert Agreement". medRxiv 10.1101/2021.04.05.21254951v1.
  9. ^ a b c d e Brout JJ, Edelstein M, Erfanian M, Mannino M, Miller LJ, Rouw R, et al. (2018). "Investigating Misophonia: A Review of the Empirical Literature, Clinical Implications, and a Research Agenda". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12: 36. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00036. PMC 5808324. PMID 29467604.
  10. ^ Blegvad-Nissen C, Thomsen PH (23 November 2015). "Misofoni er overset" [Misophonia is a neglected disorder] (PDF). Ugeskrift for Laeger (in Danish). 177 (48): V04150309. PMID 26617171.
  11. ^ a b c Ferrer-Torres A, Giménez-Llort L (June 2022). "Misophonia: A Systematic Review of Current and Future Trends in This Emerging Clinical Field". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (11): 6790. doi:10.3390/ijerph19116790. PMC 9180704. PMID 35682372.
  12. ^ "Misophonia". Tinnitus & Hyperacusis Center. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  13. ^ de Freytas-Tamura K (3 February 2017). "Misophonia Sufferers: Scientists May Have Found the Root of Your Pain". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  14. ^ Jastreboff MM, Jastreboff PJ. "Hyperacusis". AudiologyOnline. Archived from the original on 22 February 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  15. ^ Jastreboff MM, Jastreboff PJ (November 2002). "Decreased Sound Tolerance and Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT)". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Audiology. 24 (2): 74–84. doi:10.1375/audi.24.2.74.31105. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023.
  16. ^ Dozier T, Mitchell N (4 October 2023). "Novel five-phase model for understanding the nature of misophonia, a conditioned aversive reflex disorder". F1000Research. 12: 808. doi:10.12688/f1000research.133506.3. PMC 10594049. PMID 37881332.
  17. ^ a b Cavanna AE (April 2014). "What is misophonia and how can we treat it?". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 14 (4): 357–359. doi:10.1586/14737175.2014.892418. PMID 24552574. S2CID 36026220.
  18. ^ Hansen HA, Stefancin P, Leber AB, Saygin ZM (9 August 2022). "Neural evidence for non-orofacial triggers in mild misophonia". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 16: 880759. doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.880759. PMC 9397125. PMID 36017175.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Duddy DF, Oeding KA (2014). "Misophonia: An Overview". Semin Hear. 35 (2): 084–091. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1372525. S2CID 76090599.
  20. ^ Edelstein M, Brang D, Rouw R, Ramachandran VS (2013). "Misophonia: physiological investigations and case descriptions". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 7: 296. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00296. PMC 3691507. PMID 23805089.
  21. ^ Rouw R, Erfanian M (March 2018). "A Large-Scale Study of Misophonia". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 74 (3): 453–479. doi:10.1002/jclp.22500. PMID 28561277.
  22. ^ Jones A (2021). I Hear You: The Everyday Struggle Living with Misophonia (Thesis).[page needed]
  23. ^ Imgart H, Zanko A, Lorek S, Schlichterle PS, Zeiler M (10 November 2022). "Exploring the link between eating disorders and persistent genital arousal disorder/genito-pelvic dysesthesia: first description and a systematic review of the literature". Journal of Eating Disorders. 10 (1): 159. doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00687-7. PMC 9650894. PMID 36357896.
  24. ^ Dozier TH (30 April 2015). "Etiology, composition, development and maintenance of misophonia: A conditioned aversive reflex disorder". Psychological Thought. 8 (1): 114–129. doi:10.23668/psycharchives.1966.
  25. ^ Bruxner G (April 2016). "'Mastication rage': a review of misophonia – an under-recognised symptom of psychiatric relevance?". Australasian Psychiatry. 24 (2): 195–197. doi:10.1177/1039856215613010. PMID 26508801. S2CID 7106232.
  26. ^ Dozier TH, Lopez M, Pearson C (14 November 2017). "Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Misophonia: A Multisensory Conditioned Aversive Reflex Disorder". Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 1975. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01975. PMC 5694628. PMID 29184520.
  27. ^ "What's Going on Down There? OCD and Arousal". www.madeofmillions.com.
  28. ^ "Making Sense of Physical Sensations in Sexual-Themed OCD". www.psychologytoday.com.
  29. ^ Iskander S, Barahmand U, Soni M, Kaur R, Arnero D (December 2023). "Neurological Underpinnings of Psychological Factors Distinguishing Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder From Misophonia". Psychiatric Annals. 53 (12): 570–580. doi:10.3928/23258160-20231106-02. S2CID 266306012.
  30. ^ a b Edelstein M, Brang D, Rouw R, Ramachandran VS (June 2013). "Misophonia: physiological investigations and case descriptions". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 7: 296. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00296. PMC 3691507. PMID 23805089.
  31. ^ Kumar S, Tansley-Hancock O, Sedley W, Winston JS, Callaghan MF, Allen M, et al. (February 2017). "The Brain Basis for Misophonia". Current Biology. 27 (4): 527–533. Bibcode:2017CBio...27..527K. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.048. PMC 5321671. PMID 28162895.
  32. ^ Cartreine J (21 April 2017). "Misophonia: When sounds really do make you "crazy"". Harvard Health Blog. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023.
  33. ^ Kumar S, Dheerendra P, Erfanian M, Benzaquén E, Sedley W, Gander PE, et al. (June 2021). "The Motor Basis for Misophonia". The Journal of Neuroscience. 41 (26): 5762–5770. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0261-21.2021. PMC 8244967. PMID 34021042.
  34. ^ Jastreboff PJ, Jastreboff MM (2015). "Decreased sound tolerance". In Aminoff MJ, Boller F, Swaab DF (eds.). The Human Auditory System - Fundamental Organization and Clinical Disorders. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 129. Elsevier. pp. 375–87. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-62630-1.00021-4. ISBN 978-0-444-62630-1. PMID 25726280.
  35. ^ Smit DJ, Bakker M, Abdellaoui A, Hoetink AE, Vulink NC, Denys D (9 September 2022). "Genetic evidence for the link of misophonia with psychiatric disorders and personality". medRxiv 10.1101/2022.09.04.22279567.
  36. ^ Zai G, Dembo J, Levitsky N, Richter MA (27 September 2022). "Misophonia: A Detailed Case Series and Literature Review". The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 24 (5). doi:10.4088/PCC.21cr03124. PMID 36179361. S2CID 252645598.
  37. ^ Storch EA, Mckay D, Abramowitz JS, eds. (2019). Advanced Casebook of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Conceptualizations and Treatment. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-816557-7.[page needed]
  38. ^ Webber TA, Johnson PL, Storch EA (March 2014). "Pediatric misophonia with comorbid obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders". General Hospital Psychiatry. 36 (2): 231.e1–231.e2. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.10.018. PMID 24333158.
  39. ^ Guzick AG, Cervin M, Smith EE, Clinger J, Draper I, Goodman WK, et al. (March 2023). "Clinical characteristics, impairment, and psychiatric morbidity in 102 youth with misophonia". Journal of Affective Disorders. 324: 395–402. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.083. PMC 9878468. PMID 36584703.
  40. ^ Cassiello-Robbins C, Anand D, McMahon K, Brout J, Kelley L, Rosenthal MZ (2021). "A Preliminary Investigation of the Association Between Misophonia and Symptoms of Psychopathology and Personality Disorders". Frontiers in Psychology. 11: 519681. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.519681. PMC 7840505. PMID 33519567.
  41. ^ Edelstein M, Brang D, Rouw R, Ramachandran VS (2013). "Misophonia: physiological investigations and case descriptions". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 7: 296. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00296. PMC 3691507. PMID 23805089.
  42. ^ Brout JJ, Edelstein M, Erfanian M, Mannino M, Miller LJ, Rouw R, Kumar S, Rosenthal MZ (7 February 2018). "Investigating Misophonia: A Review of the Empirical Literature, Clinical Implications, and a Research Agenda". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12: 36. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00036. PMC 5808324. PMID 29467604.
  43. ^ Taylor S (June 2017). "Misophonia: A new mental disorder?". Medical Hypotheses. 103: 109–117. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.003. PMID 28571795.
  44. ^ Ferrer-Torres A, Giménez-Llort L (June 2022). "Misophonia: A Systematic Review of Current and Future Trends in This Emerging Clinical Field". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (11): 6790. doi:10.3390/ijerph19116790. PMC 9180704. PMID 35682372.
  45. ^ Holtz Z, Rosenthal MZ, Trumbull J (2023). "Disentangling the Relationship between Misophonia, Anxiety, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder". SSRN 4356614.
  46. ^ Szykowny N (2020). The Relationship Between Misophonia and Perfectionism (Thesis).[page needed]
  47. ^ Castro A, Lindberg RR, Kim G, Brennan C, Jain N, Khan RA, Husain F, Berenbaum H (10 March 2023). "Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms and Sound Sensitivities: Comparing Misophonia and Hyperacusis". PsyArXiv Preprints. doi:10.31234/osf.io/92yas.
  48. ^ Wu MS, Banneyer KN (2020). "Chew on this: Considering misophonia and obsessive-compulsive disorder". Advanced Casebook of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. pp. 1–19. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-816563-8.00001-2. ISBN 978-0-12-816563-8. S2CID 213436071.
  49. ^ Reid AM, Guzick AG, Gernand A, Olsen B (July 2016). "Intensive cognitive-behavioral therapy for comorbid misophonic and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A systematic case study". Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. 10: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.04.009.
  50. ^ Smith EE, Guzick AG, Draper IA, Clinger J, Schneider SC, Goodman WK, et al. (November 2022). "Perceptions of various treatment approaches for adults and children with misophonia". Journal of Affective Disorders. 316: 76–82. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.020. PMC 9884516. PMID 35970326.
  51. ^ Webb J (January 2022). "β-Blockers for the Treatment of Misophonia and Misokinesia". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 45 (1): 13–14. doi:10.1097/WNF.0000000000000492. PMID 35029865. S2CID 245932937.
  52. ^ Levine RA, Oron Y (2015). "Tinnitus". The Human Auditory System - Fundamental Organization and Clinical Disorders. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 129. pp. 409–431. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-62630-1.00023-8. ISBN 978-0-444-62630-1. PMID 25726282.
  53. ^ Hocaoglu C (30 March 2018). "A little known topic misophonia: two case reports". Dusunen Adam. 31 (1): 89–96. doi:10.5350/DAJPN2018310109.
  54. ^ Kozak MJ, Rossi M, McCarthy PR, Foa EB (November 1989). "Effects of imipramine on the autonomie responses of obsessive-compulsives to auditory tones". Biological Psychiatry. 26 (7): 707–716. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(89)90105-4. PMID 2804191. S2CID 26076762.
  55. ^ Zahn TP, Insel TR, Murphy DL. Psychophysiological changes during pharmacological treatment of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 1984 Jul;145:39-44. doi: 10.1192/bjp.145.1.39. PMID 6378303.
  56. ^ Zahn TP, Insel TR, Murphy DL (July 1984). "Psychophysiological Changes during Pharmacological Treatment of Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder". British Journal of Psychiatry. 145 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1192/bjp.145.1.39. PMID 6378303.
  57. ^ Dannon PN, Sasson Y, Hirschmann S, Iancu I, Grunhaus LJ, Zohar J (May 2000). "Pindolol augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive compulsive disorder: a double-blind placebo controlled trial". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 10 (3): 165–169. doi:10.1016/S0924-977X(00)00065-1. PMID 10793318. S2CID 28452756.
  58. ^ Cavanna AE, Seri S (August 2015). "Misophonia: current perspectives". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 11: 2117–2123. doi:10.2147/NDT.S81438. ISSN 1178-2021. PMC 4547634. PMID 26316758.
  59. ^ "Quick facts, Diagnosis, Causes & Treatment | Misophonia Treatment". Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  60. ^ Pearson C (2017). "Reviewing Misophonia and its Treatment". International Journal of Neuropsychotherapy. 5 (1): 2–10. doi:10.12744/ijnpt.2017.1.0002-0010.
  61. ^ Dozier TH, Lopez M, Pearson C (14 November 2017). "Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Misophonia: A Multisensory Conditioned Aversive Reflex Disorder". Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 1975. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01975. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5694628. PMID 29184520.
  62. ^ a b c Vitoratou S, Hayes C, Uglik-Marucha N, Pearson O, Graham T, Gregory J (22 March 2023). "Misophonia in the UK: Prevalence and norms from the S-Five in a UK representative sample". PLOS ONE. 18 (3): e0282777. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1882777V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282777. PMC 10032546. PMID 36947525.
  63. ^ "What sounds drive you crazy?". BBC Newsround. 23 March 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  64. ^ "About a Fifth of Us Are Hypersensitive to Sounds". Medscape. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  65. ^ Public Library of Science. "Nearly 1 in 5 UK adults may have misophonia, experiencing significant negative responses to sounds". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  66. ^ Yektatalab S, Mohammadi A, Zarshenas L (October 2022). "The Prevalence of Misophonia and Its Relationship with Obsessive-compulsive Disorder, Anxiety, and Depression in Undergraduate Students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences: A Cross-Sectional Study". International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery. 10 (4): 259–268. doi:10.30476/IJCBNM.2022.92902.1888. PMC 9579453. PMID 36274664.
  67. ^ Naylor J, Caimino C, Scutt P, Hoare DJ, Baguley DM (June 2021). "The Prevalence and Severity of Misophonia in a UK Undergraduate Medical Student Population and Validation of the Amsterdam Misophonia Scale". Psychiatric Quarterly. 92 (2): 609–619. doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09825-3. PMC 8110492. PMID 32829440.
  68. ^ Zhou X, Wu MS, Storch EA (July 2017). "Misophonia symptoms among Chinese university students: Incidence, associated impairment, and clinical correlates". Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. 14: 7–12. doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.05.001.
  69. ^ Watson L (2022). Investigation of a Misophonia and Fluid Intelligence Relationship: Sound Spectrum Variation Impact on Fluid Intelligence Task Responses (Thesis). doi:10.58809/MYID1761.[page needed]
  70. ^ Mahady A, Takac M, De Foe A (March 2023). "What is autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR)? A narrative review and comparative analysis of related phenomena". Consciousness and Cognition. 109: 103477. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2023.103477. PMID 36806854. S2CID 256874981.
  71. ^ a b Rouw R, Erfanian M (March 2018). "A Large-Scale Study of Misophonia". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 74 (3): 453–479. doi:10.1002/jclp.22500. hdl:11245.1/c9c45e84-3c70-407e-aa2f-782ccdb79791. PMID 28561277.
  72. ^ "ASMR and Misophonia: Sounds-Crazy!". Science in our world: certainty and controversy. Pennsylvania State University. 16 September 2015. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023.
  73. ^ Higa K (11 June 2015). "Technicalities of the Tingles: The science of sounds that feel good. #ASMR". Neuwrite. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  74. ^ Cohen J (5 September 2011). "When a Chomp or a Slurp is a Trigger for Outrage". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
  75. ^ a b Schröder A, Vulink N, Denys D (23 January 2013). "Misophonia: diagnostic criteria for a new psychiatric disorder". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54706. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854706S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054706. PMC 3553052. PMID 23372758.
  76. ^ Jeffries A (17 June 2016). "There's a New Film About Misophonia, Where People Get Enraged by Certain Sounds". Motherboard. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  77. ^ "Past Ig Winners". improbable.com. 1 August 2006.
  78. ^ "Cate Blanchett Can't Imagine Her Life Without Lydia Tár". W Magazine. 9 January 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  79. ^ "The Old Man" IV (TV Episode 2022) - Trivia - IMDb, retrieved 14 June 2023
  80. ^ Blackwelder C (21 August 2024). "'Little House on the Prairie' alum Melissa Gilbert details life with misophonia". Good Morning America. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  81. ^ "Off the Menu with Ed Gamble and James Acaster".
  82. ^ Lerner BH (2 March 2015). "Please Stop Making That Noise". Well. New York Times. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  83. ^ "S6E19 - Lisa Loeb | The Misophonia Podcast". S6E19 - Lisa Loeb | The Misophonia Podcast. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  84. ^ Bisley A (10 March 2015). "Melanie Lynskey on Togetherness, realism and 'radical' nudity". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  85. ^ Allen T (30 March 2016). "10 Things You Never Knew About Laila McQueen". Queerty. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  86. ^ sourspice (10 October 2024). "Pharrell 🤝 Misophonia". r/misophonia. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
  87. ^ Desborough J (26 July 2018). "Kelly Osbourne reveals strange phobia which causes her to rip food from people's mouths". mirror.co.uk. As the Loose Women panel discussed irritating habits that their husbands might have, she told Jane Moore: "I have misophonia, it's a phobia of mouth noises. I can't handle it." Kelly revealed she can't bear the sound of loud eating, which is a problem for her dating as she as men often have "bigger mouths" than women .. Misophonia is technically a phobia of sounds in general, and is sometime referred to as "sound rage" as people become enraged just by noises which seem to rub them up the wrong way.
  88. ^ Misophonia: Kelly Ripa Has Rare Disorder. 20/20. ABC News. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  89. ^ Dogshit, Comedy and Pain (YouTube video). The Sarah Silverman Podcast. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.

Further reading

edit
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Misophonia&oldid=1255301728"