Mining in the Northern Territory accounts for 16.4% of the gross domestic product, inclusive of both the minerals and petroleum industries. In 2015, it was valued at A$3,436 million. It accounts for 4.3% of the Northern Territory workforce. 63 businesses are currently engaged in the sector.[1]
| Mining in the Northern Territory | |
|---|---|
 Position of Northern Territory within Australia | |
| Location | |
| State |  Northern Territory |
| Country |  Australia |
| Regulatory authority | |
| Authority | Department of Mines and Energy |
| Website | Official website |
| Production | |
| Value |  A$3,436 million |
| Employees | 5,732 |
| Year | 2015[1] |
History edit
Prior to European Settlement Indigenous groups mined ochre and other materials for ceremonial activities.[2] With the arrival of the overland telegraph in the 1860s - 70's gold was discovered
Major commodities edit
Manganese edit
Manganese mining in the Northern Territory in the financial year 2013-14, was worth A$1,024 million.[1]
Petroleum edit
Petroleum, like mining, falls under the jurisdiction of the Department of Mines and Energy. It was worth $214 million in 2014.[1] The NT onshore area is over 1.35 million km2. There were 54 active exploration permits, three retention and five productions licences. Hydrocarbons have been produced since the 1980s.[3]
Onshore gas was produced at the Mereenie and Palm Valley gas fields in the Amadeus Basin, west of Alice Springs. The Dingo Field began producing gas in November 2015.[3]
Gold edit
Gold mining in the Northern Territory was worth A$770 million in 2014.[1]
Uranium edit
Uranium mining in the Northern Territory in the financial year 2013-14, was worth A$136 million.[1]
Geothermal edit
There are no granted geothermal permits in the NT at the time of producing this report. The last permit was surrendered in 2014.[3]
Table of Mines in the Northern Territory edit
| Name | Alternate Names | Coordinates | Status | Commodities | Geological Province | Geological Age | Deposit Model[5] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Millars/Big Tree/PingQue | Union Reefs Project | 13°43′28″S 131°47′46″E / 13.7244°S 131.796°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen | Paleoproterozoic | |
| MLS167 | Carbine, Central Tanami Project, Dogbolter, Harleys, Phoenix, Redback SE | 20°24′21″S 129°40′01″E / 20.4058°S 129.667°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Tanami Orogen | Proterozoic | |
| MLS168 | Camel Bore, Central Tanami Project, Jims Main | 20°09′29″S 129°37′15″E / 20.1581°S 129.6207°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Tanami Orogen | Proterozoic | |
| MLS180 | Banjo, Beaver, Bonsai, Central Tanami Project | 19°58′13″S 129°24′28″E / 19.9703°S 129.4079°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Tanami Orogen | Proterozoic | Environment: unknown, Group: unknown, Type: unknown |
| ML 22934 - Groundrush | Central Tanami Project | 19°42′37″S 129°59′34″E / 19.7103°S 129.9928°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Tanami Orogen | Proterozoic | |
| Tanami - Newmont | Callie, Dead Bullock Soak, Tanami Project, The Granites | 20°31′32″S 129°56′01″E / 20.5256°S 129.9336°E | Operating Mine | Gold | Tanami Orogen | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Metamorphic hydrothermal, Group: Orogenic, Type: Mesozonal orogenic Au |
| Ammaroo Phosphate | Barrow Creek 1 | 21°47′32″S 135°50′05″E / 21.7921°S 135.8348°E | Under Development | Phosphate, (Uranium, Phosphorous oxide, Uranium oxide) | Georgina Basin | ||
| Davies | 13°33′46″S 131°33′55″E / 13.5629°S 131.5653°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen | |||
| Coronation Hill | 13°35′10″S 132°36′27″E / 13.5862°S 132.6074°E | Historic Mine | Gold, (Uranium, Platinum, Palladium, Platinum group elements, Uranium oxide) | Pine Creek Orogen | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Basin hydrothermal, Group: Unconformity-related, Type: Unconformity-related U | |
| Nabarlek Uranium Mine | Nabarlek | 12°18′30″S 133°19′12″E / 12.3082°S 133.32°E | Historic Mine | Uranium oxide, Uranium | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | Environment: Basin hydrothermal, Group: Unconformity-related, Type: Unconformity-related U |
| Eldorado | Tennant Creek | 19°41′50″S 134°13′59″E / 19.6971°S 134.233°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Tennant Creek Block, Warramunga Province, Warrego Metallogenic Province | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Regional metasomatic, Group: Metasomatic iron, Type: Iron oxide Au |
| Woodcutters | 12°58′05″S 131°06′45″E / 12.9681°S 131.1124°E | Historic Mine | Lead, Copper, Antimony, Silver, Cadmium, Zinc | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | Environment: Metamorphic hydrothermal, Group: Orogenic, Type: Orogenic Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu-Sb | |
| Woolwonga | 13°24′16″S 131°33′02″E / 13.4045°S 131.5505°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Proterozoic | Environment: Metamorphic hydrothermal, Group: Orogenic, Type: Mesozonal orogenic Au | |
| Nobles Nob | 19°42′41″S 134°17′24″E / 19.7115°S 134.2901°E | Historic Mine | Gold, (Silver, Copper, Bismuth) | Tennant Creek Block, Warramunga Province, Warrego Metallogenic Province | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Regional metasomatic, Group: Metasomatic iron, Type: Iron oxide Au | |
| Hatches Creek | 20°53′10″S 135°11′17″E / 20.8861°S 135.188°E | Historic Mine | Tungsten trioxide (wolframite), Copper, Bismuth, Tungsten | Davenport Province | Proterozoic | ||
| Roper River Iron | 14°25′31″S 134°11′02″E / 14.4253°S 134.1839°E | Care And Maintenance | Iron ore, (Iron) | McArthur Basin | |||
| Moline | Northern Hercules | 13°40′02″S 132°09′00″E / 13.6672°S 132.15°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Proterozoic | Environment: Metamorphic hydrothermal, Group: Orogenic, Type: Mesozonal orogenic Au |
| Mount Wells | 13°29′59″S 131°42′47″E / 13.4996°S 131.713°E | Historic Mine | Tin, Copper | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | Environment: unknown, Group: unknown, Type: unknown | |
| Callie | Tanami Project | 20°31′36″S 129°55′30″E / 20.5266°S 129.9249°E | Operating Mine | Gold | Tanami Orogen | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Metamorphic hydrothermal, Group: Orogenic, Type: Mesozonal orogenic Au |
| Tiwi | 11°22′S 130°50′E / 11.36°S 130.83°E | Historic Mine | Zircon, Rutile, Ilmenite, Leucoxene | ||||
| Quest 29 | Mount Bundy Project | 12°57′25″S 131°35′15″E / 12.9569°S 131.5876°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | |
| Toms Gully | Mount Bundy Project | 12°49′52″S 131°33′39″E / 12.831°S 131.5608°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Proterozoic | |
| Bootu Creek | Chugga, Gogo, Shekuma, Tourag, Xhosa | 18°41′59″S 134°07′33″E / 18.6998°S 134.1258°E | Care And Maintenance | Manganese ore, (Manganese) | Tomkinson Province | ||
| Mls119-133 | Central Tanami Project, Tanami Mine JV | 19°58′21″S 129°42′32″E / 19.9725°S 129.7088°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Paleoproterozoic | ||
| Zapopan | 13°28′32″S 131°26′15″E / 13.4756°S 131.4376°E | Historic Mine | Silver, Gold, Lead | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Proterozoic | ||
| Dead Bullock Soak | Colliwobble Ridge, Dead Bullock Ridge, Fumarole, Tanami Project, Villa | 20°31′32″S 129°56′01″E / 20.5256°S 129.9336°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Callie, The Granites-Tanami Block | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Metamorphic hydrothermal, Group: Orogenic, Type: Mesozonal orogenic Au |
| Rustlers Roost | Mt Bundy Project | 12°55′01″S 131°29′54″E / 12.917°S 131.4984°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Proterozoic | |
| Gove | 12°15′40″S 136°50′13″E / 12.2611°S 136.837°E | Operating Mine | Bauxite, (Alumina) | Carpentaria Basin | Cenozoic | ||
| Orlando | Tennant Creek | 19°26′19″S 134°01′41″E / 19.4387°S 134.0281°E | Historic Mine | Copper, Gold, Silver, (Bismuth) | Tennant Creek Block, Warramunga Province, Warrego Metallogenic Province | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Regional metasomatic, Group: Metasomatic iron, Type: Iron oxide Au |
| Glencoe | Burnside project | 13°26′23″S 131°30′14″E / 13.4397°S 131.504°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Proterozoic | |
| Mount Bonnie | 13°32′30″S 131°32′56″E / 13.5417°S 131.549°E | Historic Mine | Zinc, Silver, Gold, Lead, (Copper) | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Proterozoic | ||
| Molyhil | 22°45′26″S 135°44′57″E / 22.7571°S 135.7493°E | Under Development | Molybdenum, (Copper, Molybdenite, Tungsten, Tungsten trioxide (wolframite), Iron) | Arunta Orogen, Aileron Province | Proterozoic | ||
| Juno | 19°42′12″S 134°14′27″E / 19.7033°S 134.2407°E | Historic Mine | Gold, Silver, (Copper, Bismuth) | Tennant Creek Block, Warramunga Province, Warrego Metallogenic Province | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Regional metasomatic, Group: Metasomatic iron, Type: Iron oxide Au | |
| Frances Creek | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6/7, 9, Elizabeth Marion, Extended, Helene 1, Rosemary, Thelma | 13°33′51″S 131°51′00″E / 13.5642°S 131.85°E | Operating Mine | Iron ore, (Iron) | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | |
| Bridge Creek | Burnside Project | 13°26′25″S 131°19′10″E / 13.4403°S 131.3195°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Paleoproterozoic | |
| Brocks Creek | Burnside Project | 13°28′35″S 131°26′16″E / 13.4765°S 131.4379°E | Historic Mine | Gold, Silver | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Proterozoic | |
| Gecko | K44 | 19°26′07″S 134°03′58″E / 19.4354°S 134.0661°E | Historic Mine | Copper, (Gold, Bismuth) | Tennant Creek Block, Warramunga Province, Warrego Metallogenic Province | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Regional metasomatic, Group: IOCG, Type: Magnetite-dominant IOCG |
| Tanami (Central) | Central Tanami Project | 19°58′04″S 129°42′44″E / 19.9679°S 129.7122°E | Historic Mine | Gold, Silver | Callie, The Granites-Tanami Block | Proterozoic | |
| Howley | Burnside Project | 13°29′53″S 131°20′44″E / 13.498°S 131.3455°E | Care And Maintenance | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Paleoproterozoic | |
| Fountain Head | Burnside Project | 13°28′00″S 131°30′22″E / 13.4667°S 131.5061°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | |
| Groote Eylandt | 13°59′32″S 136°26′44″E / 13.9922°S 136.4455°E | Operating Mine | Manganese ore, (Manganese) | Carpentaria Basin | |||
| Chinese Howley | Burnside Project | 13°30′36″S 131°21′27″E / 13.5099°S 131.3575°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Paleoproterozoic | |
| Eva | Pandanus Creek | 17°40′52″S 137°49′11″E / 17.681°S 137.8196°E | Historic Mine | Uranium, Gold, (Uranium oxide) | Mount Isa Orogen, Murphy Inlier | ||
| Union Reefs | Union Reefs Project | 13°42′50″S 131°47′26″E / 13.714°S 131.7905°E | Care And Maintenance | Gold, (Silver) | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Proterozoic | Environment: Metamorphic hydrothermal, Group: Orogenic, Type: Mesozonal orogenic Au |
| Mount Porter | 13°38′02″S 131°49′16″E / 13.634°S 131.821°E | Under Development | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | ||
| Chariot | Tennant Creek Mineral Field | 19°39′14″S 134°05′49″E / 19.654°S 134.0969°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Warramunga Province | Proterozoic | Environment: Regional metasomatic, Group: Metasomatic iron, Type: Iron oxide Au |
| McArthur River zinc mine | McArthur River, HYC | 16°26′10″S 136°05′55″E / 16.436°S 136.0985°E | Operating Mine | Zinc, Lead, (Silver, Copper, Cadmium, Antimony) | McArthur Basin | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Basin hydrothermal, Group: Sediment-hosted, Type: Siliciclastic-carbonate Zn-Pb |
| Spring Hill | Spring Hill Gold Project | 13°36′29″S 131°43′03″E / 13.608°S 131.7176°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Proterozoic | |
| Mud Tank | 23°00′29″S 134°15′56″E / 23.0081°S 134.2655°E | Closed | Vermiculite | Arunta Orogen, Aileron Province | Neoproterozoic | Environment: Supergene, Group: Laterite, Type: Carbonatite laterite REE | |
| Goodall | 13°12′41″S 131°22′23″E / 13.2113°S 131.3731°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Paleoproterozoic | ||
| Pine Creek | Czarina, Enterprise, Gandy's Hill, International, South Gandy | 13°49′33″S 131°49′43″E / 13.8257°S 131.8287°E | Historic Mine | Gold, (Silver) | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Proterozoic | Environment: unknown, Group: unknown, Type: unknown |
| Ranger Uranium Mine | Ranger | 12°40′25″S 132°55′07″E / 12.6735°S 132.9185°E | Closed | Uranium, (Uranium oxide) | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | Environment: Basin hydrothermal, Group: Unconformity-related, Type: Unconformity-related U |
| Warrego | 19°26′41″S 133°49′25″E / 19.4448°S 133.8237°E | Historic Mine | Gold, Copper, Bismuth, Iron ore, Silver, (Iron) | Tennant Creek Block, Warramunga Province, Warrego Metallogenic Province | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Regional metasomatic, Group: IOCG, Type: Magnetite-dominant IOCG | |
| Maud Creek | Gold Creek, Maud Creek Project | 14°26′35″S 132°27′14″E / 14.4431°S 132.454°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | |
| Central Tanami | 19°57′58″S 129°10′26″E / 19.966°S 129.1739°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Tanami Orogen | Proterozoic | ||
| Roper Bar | Area D, Area E, Area F, Gum Creek | 15°13′23″S 135°04′26″E / 15.223°S 135.074°E | Operating Mine | Iron ore, (Iron) | McArthur Basin | ||
| Browns polymetallic ore deposit | Browns | 12°59′38″S 130°59′51″E / 12.9939°S 130.9975°E | Historic Mine | Lead, Cobalt, Silver, Nickel, Zinc, Copper | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | Environment: Metamorphic hydrothermal, Group: Orogenic, Type: Orogenic Cu ± Au |
| Iron Blow | Burnside Project | 13°30′49″S 131°33′07″E / 13.5137°S 131.552°E | Historic Mine | Zinc, Gold, Silver, (Copper, Lead) | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Paleoproterozoic | |
| Cosmo Howley | Burnside Project, Cosmopolitan Howley | 13°32′13″S 131°22′34″E / 13.5369°S 131.3761°E | Care And Maintenance | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Paleoproterozoic | |
| Redbank | Azurite, Bluff, Punchbowl, Roman Nose, Sandy Flat | 17°11′36″S 137°44′37″E / 17.1932°S 137.7435°E | Care And Maintenance | Copper | McArthur Basin | Proterozoic | |
| Merlin diamond mine | Merlin, Excalibur, Launfal, Palomides, Sacramore, Tristram, etc | 16°50′52″S 136°20′42″E / 16.8479°S 136.3451°E | Operating Mine | Diamond - undifferentiated, (Diamond - gem and cheap gem) | McArthur Basin | ||
| Czarina | Pine Creek Project | 13°49′19″S 131°49′40″E / 13.822°S 131.8278°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | |
| Esmeralda | Union Reefs Project | 13°45′22″S 131°49′48″E / 13.756°S 131.8299°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen | Paleoproterozoic | |
| Enterprise | Pine Creek Project | 13°49′29″S 131°49′37″E / 13.8247°S 131.827°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | Environment: Metamorphic hydrothermal, Group: Orogenic, Type: Mesozonal orogenic Au |
| Wauchope | 20°35′55″S 134°19′47″E / 20.5986°S 134.3297°E | Historic Mine | Tungsten, Tungsten trioxide (wolframite) | Davenport Province | Proterozoic | ||
| Rum Jungle, Northern Territory | Rum Jungle Creek South | 13°02′23″S 130°59′54″E / 13.0397°S 130.9984°E | Historic Mine | Uranium, Uranium oxide | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | Environment: unknown, Group: unknown, Type: unknown |
| Mucketty | 18°39′50″S 134°03′18″E / 18.6639°S 134.0549°E | Historic Mine | Manganese, Manganese ore | Tomkinson Province | Environment: Basin chemical, Group: Manganese, Type: Sedimentary Mn | ||
| El Sherana | 13°30′21″S 132°31′13″E / 13.5057°S 132.5203°E | Historic Mine | Gold, Uranium oxide, Uranium | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | Environment: Basin hydrothermal, Group: Unconformity-related, Type: Unconformity-related U | |
| Mount Burton | 12°58′37″S 130°57′49″E / 12.977°S 130.9636°E | Historic Mine | Copper, Uranium, Uranium oxide | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | ||
| Ivanhoe | Tennant Creek | 19°33′13″S 134°03′32″E / 19.5535°S 134.0588°E | Historic Mine | Gold, Bismuth, Copper | Tennant Creek Block, Warramunga Province, Warrego Metallogenic Province | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Regional metasomatic, Group: Metasomatic iron, Type: Iron oxide Au |
| Argo | Explorer 46, Tennant Creek | 19°40′02″S 134°13′12″E / 19.6671°S 134.22°E | Historic Mine | Gold, Bismuth, Copper | Tennant Creek Block, Warramunga Province, Warrego Metallogenic Province | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Regional metasomatic, Group: Metasomatic iron, Type: Iron oxide Au |
| TC8 | 19°37′38″S 134°09′00″E / 19.6271°S 134.15°E | Historic Mine | Copper, Silver, Gold | Tennant Creek Block, Warramunga Province | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Regional metasomatic, Group: IOCG, Type: Magnetite-dominant IOCG | |
| White Range | Arltunga | 23°27′47″S 134°45′58″E / 23.4631°S 134.766°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Arunta Orogen, Arltunga Gold Metallogenic Province, Georgina Basin | Paleozoic | |
| Norris | 17°40′25″S 137°51′12″E / 17.6736°S 137.8532°E | Historic Mine | Copper | Mount Isa Orogen, Murphy Inlier | Proterozoic | ||
| White's | 12°59′06″S 131°00′29″E / 12.9849°S 131.008°E | Historic Mine | Uranium, Copper, Uranium oxide, Lead, Cobalt | Pine Creek Orogen, Mount Todd Gold Metallogenic Province | Proterozoic | ||
| White Devil | Eldorado | 19°29′10″S 133°54′08″E / 19.486°S 133.9023°E | Historic Mine | Gold, Selenium, Bismuth, Copper | Tennant Creek Block, Warramunga Province | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Regional metasomatic, Group: IOCG, Type: Magnetite-dominant IOCG |
| Mount Fitch (Northern Territory) | Mount Fitch | 12°56′48″S 130°56′54″E / 12.9468°S 130.9483°E | Historic Mine | Nickel, Copper, Cobalt, Uranium, Uranium oxide | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | |
| Northern Star | Tennant Creek | 19°18′56″S 134°08′48″E / 19.3156°S 134.1466°E | Historic Mine | Gold | Tennant Creek Block, Warramunga Province, Warrego Metallogenic Province | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Regional metasomatic, Group: Metasomatic iron, Type: Iron oxide Au |
| Roper Heavy Minerals | 14°25′00″S 134°00′00″E / 14.4167°S 134°E | Operating Mine | Mineral sands, Heavy minerals, (Ilmenite, Magnetite) | ||||
| Mount Bundey | 12°50′46″S 131°35′35″E / 12.8462°S 131.593°E | Historic Mine | Iron ore, (Iron) | Pine Creek Orogen | Proterozoic | ||
| Home of Bullion | 21°30′46″S 134°09′23″E / 21.5127°S 134.1564°E | Historic Mine | Copper, Zinc, (Lead, Silver, Cobalt, Gold) | Aileron Province | Paleoproterozoic | Environment: Volcanic basin hydrothermal, Group: Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Type: Bimodal-felsic VMS | |
| Finniss Lithium Project | 12°40′00″S 130°46′39″E / 12.6667°S 130.7775°E | Operating Mine | Lithium, Lithium oxide |
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f "Annual Report 2014-2015" (PDF). Darwin. December 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
- ^ "Aboriginal Art Online, Traditional painting methods". Aboriginalartonline.com. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
- ^ a b c Department of Mines and Energy, Energy Directorate (January 2016). "energyNT 2015" (PDF). Department of Mines and Energy. Darwin: Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
- ^ Geoscience, Australia. "Australian Mines Atlas". Australian Mines Atlas. Canberra, Australia: Geoscience Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
- ^ Hofstra, A.; Lisitsin, V.; Corriveau, L.; Paradis, S.; Peter, J.; Lauzière, K.; Lawley, C.; Gadd, M.; Pilote, J.; Honsberger, I.; Bastrakov, E.; Champion, D.; Czarnota, K.; Doublier, M.; Huston, D.; Raymond, O; van der Wielen, S.E.; Emsbo, P.; Granitto, M.; Kreiner, D. (2021). "Deposit classification scheme for the Critical Minerals Mapping Initiative Global Geochemical Database". U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report. Open-File Report. 2021–1049: 1-60. doi:10.3133/ofr20211049. Retrieved 6 November 2023.