Micrurus lemniscatus, commonly known as the South American coral snake, is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is endemic to South America.[2]
| Micrurus lemniscatus | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Elapidae |
| Genus: | Micrurus |
| Species: | M. lemniscatus
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| Binomial name | |
| Micrurus lemniscatus | |
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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Description edit
M. lemniscatus is a thin and brightly colored species. Adults measure 60–90 cm (24–35 in) in length, the maximum previously reported was 145 cm (57 in). The snout is black, followed by a narrow white crossband in front of the eyes, then a wider black band including the eyes. The eyes are small, and the rest of the head is red. The body pattern consists of slightly broad red rings that are separated by seven to 17 triads of three black and white rings. The tail has two black triads alternating with white rings.
Behavior edit
Like many coral snakes, M. lemniscatus is nocturnal and terrestrial, digging in loose soil or litter. It is not aggressive towards humans, although it can attack to defend itself.[3]
Reproduction edit
Breeding of M. lemniscatus is oviparous, having a clutch size of possibly 20 eggs.[3]
Diet edit
Alimentation of M. lemniscatus is mainly long-bodied vertebrates such as freshwater eels, gymnotiform fishes, caecilians, lizards, and snakes.[1][3][4]
Geographic range edit
M. lemniscatus is found in Argentina, northern Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, eastern Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana,[5] Paraguay, eastern Peru, Suriname, Trinidad, and Venezuela.[2]
Habitat edit
M. lemniscatus is a widespread species in South America, living in humid forests and lowland forests, in open savannas and gallery forests. It is also found in lowland floodplains, deforested areas or near human habitation, in humid areas or near places with a water source. It occurs from near sea level to an altitude of 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[3]
Venom edit
The venom of M. lemniscatus is a potent post- and pre-synaptic neurotoxin, which causes a potent and irreversible neuromuscular block in vertebrates.[6] Lemnitoxin, a potent myotoxic PLA2 type toxin, isolated from the venom of M. lemniscatus induces local and systemic myotoxicity after intramuscular and intravenous injection in mice, which is antigenically related to Micrurus nigrocinctus nigroxin, Notechis scutatus notexin, mulgotoxin of Pseudechis australis and textilotoxin of Pseudonaja textilis.[7]
References edit
- ^ a b Ines Hladaki, I., et al. (12 authors) (2019). "Micrurus lemniscatus ". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T15202912A15201921.en. Accessed on 21 January 2022.
- ^ a b c "Micrurus lemniscatus ". The Reptile Database. Consulted 3 October 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Living Hazards Database (LHD) – Search by Scientific Name" (PDF). Acq.osd.mil. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- ^ "Micrurus lemniscatus (Large Coral Snake)" (PDF). Sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ Cole CJ; Townsend CR; Reynolds RP; MacCulloch RD; Lathrop A (2013). "Amphibians and reptiles of Guyana, South America: Illustrated keys, annotated species accounts, and a biogeographic synopsis". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 125 (4): 317–620. doi:10.2988/0006-324x-125.4.317. S2CID 86665287.
- ^ Floriano, Rafael S.; Schezaro-Ramos, Raphael; Silva, Nelson J.; Bucaretchi, Fábio; Rowan, Edward G.; Hyslop, Stephen (2019-07-01). "Neurotoxicity of Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus (South American coralsnake) venom in vertebrate neuromuscular preparations in vitro and neutralization by antivenom" (PDF). Archives of Toxicology. 93 (7): 2065–2086. doi:10.1007/s00204-019-02476-9. ISSN 1432-0738. PMID 31123802. S2CID 163166169.
- ^ Casais-e-Silva, Luciana L.; Teixeira, Catarina F. P.; Lebrun, Ivo; Lomonte, Bruno; Alape-Girón, Alberto; Gutiérrez, José María (2016-08-22). "Lemnitoxin, the major component of Micrurus lemniscatus coral snake venom, is a myotoxic and pro-inflammatory phospholipase A2". Toxicology Letters. 257: 60–71. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.005. ISSN 0378-4274. PMID 27282409.
Further reading edit
- Boulenger GA (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ) ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Elaps lemniscatus, p. 430).
- Freiberg M (1982). Snakes of South America. Hong Kong: T.F.H. Publications. 189 pp. ISBN 0-87666-912-7. (Micrurus lemniscatus, p. 115 + color photograph of M. l. carvalhoi on p. 187).
- Jan G, Sordelli F (1872). Iconographie générale des Ophidiens, Quarante-deuxième livraison. Paris: Baillière. Index + Plates I-VI. (Elaps lemniscatus, Plate V, figures 1 & 1*). (in French).
- Linnaeus C (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata. Stockholm: L. Salvius. 824 pp. (Coluber lemniscatus, new species, p. 224). (in Latin).
- Roze JA (1996). Coral Snakes of the Americas: Biology, Identification, and Venoms. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Co. 340 pp. ISBN 978-0894648472.