Mashiho Chiri (Japanese: 知里 真志保) (February 24, 1909 – June 9, 1961) was an Ainu linguist and anthropologist. He was best known for creating Ainu-Japanese dictionaries.
Mashiho Chiri | |
|---|---|
知里 真志保 | |
 | |
| Born | February 24, 1909 Noboribetsu, Hokkaido, Japan |
| Died | June 9, 1961 (aged 52) |
| Awards | 1954 Asahi Prize |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Tokyo Imperial University |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Linguist, anthropologist |
| Sub-discipline | Ainu language |
| Institutions | Hokkaido University |
Biography edit
Chiri was born on February 24, 1909, in what is now Noboribetsu, Hokkaido, Japan. His older sister is Yukie Chiri and his aunt is Imekanu. Though they were both native Ainu speakers, Chiri was not. He was taught Japanese, and learned the Ainu language when he was in high school.[1]
He graduated from the Hokkaido Muroran Sakae High School. He had excellent grades, but couldn't afford go to college. Instead he worked at a local government office. Later, Kindaichi Kyosuke recognized his intelligence and invited Chiri to stay at his house in Tokyo and attend the First Higher School, Japan.[2] Chiri took him up on his offer, and graduated in 1933.[3] He then studied at the Tokyo Imperial University and graduated from the literature department in 1937.[4] He was the first Ainu to enter the university.[5] He earned a master's degree at the same university. Chiri taught at a girls' school and researched at a museum in Karafuto for three years[1] before taking a temporary position at Hokkaido University in 1943. He became a full professor in 1947,[2] and was awarded a doctorate on December 22, 1954.
Ainu language edit
Chiri's academic work focused on the Ainu language. He won the 1954 Asahi Prize for writing a classified Ainu language dictionary.[6] He worked with Yamada Hidezo to study the Ainu names for places, eventually creating an Ainu place name dictionary that helped to give a better understanding of place names in Hokkaido.[5]
Chiri also translated Ainu stories, which were passed down orally because the Ainu did not have a written language. His translation style was meant to reflect the performative nature of how the stories were told, and he did this by writing them in colloquial Japanese and improvising. He also translated certain words like "vagina" and "ejaculation" into German in order to avoid censorship, though they were written using katakana in his translations. This style was criticized by later scholars for summarizing content and adding new sentences, and some re-translated his work in a more traditional style.[1]
Selected bibliography edit
- 分類アイヌ語辞典. Tokyo: Nihon Jōmin Bunka Kenkyūjo. 1954.
- アイヌ文学. Tokyo: Gengensha. 1955.
- Ezo obake retsuden. Sapporo: Puyara Shinsho Kankōkai. 1961.
Further reading edit
- Fujimoto, Hideo, 1927-; 藤本英夫, 1927- (1994). Chiri Mashiho no shōgai : Ainugaku fukken no tatakai (Shohan ed.). Tōkyō: Sōfūkan. ISBN 4883230686. OCLC 32974889.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Fujimoto, Hideo (1970). 天才 アイヌ人 学者 の 生涯 : 知里 真志保 評伝. Tokyo: Kodansha.
References edit
- ^ a b c Sato-Rossberg, Nana (2008). "Chiri Mashiho's Performative Translations of Ainu Oral Narratives". Japanese Studies. 28 (2): 135–148. doi:10.1080/10371390802249040. ISSN 1037-1397. S2CID 145812379.
- ^ a b "Mashiho Chiri collection – Hokkaido University Library". www.lib.hokudai.ac.jp. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
- ^ "第一高等学校一覧. 昭和８至９年 - 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション". dl.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-11-07.
- ^ "東京帝国大学一覧. 昭和１２年度 - 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション". dl.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-11-07.
- ^ a b Hudson, Mark J.; Lewallen, Ann-Elise; Watson, Mark K. (2014). Beyond Ainu Studies: Changing Academic and Public Perspectives. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824839185.
- ^ "asahi.com：朝日賞 - １９４５（昭和２０）年―１９６４（昭和３９）年の受賞者 - 朝日新聞社の賞・コンクール - 朝日新聞社から". www.asahi.com. Retrieved 2019-11-07.