Wikipedia

Marraco

Not to be confused with Maraca or Morocco.

The Marraco (Catalan: Lo Marraco, Catalan pronunciation: [məˈraku]) is a dragon or frightening creature in Catalan myth in the city of Lleida. It possessed a mouth wide enough to swallow a human whole according to tales told to frighten children.

The Marraco of Lleida
The Marraco, side view

Etymology edit

There has been made a claim that the term marraco is a borrowing from the Basque word meaning 'dragon',[1] but no linguistic sources have been cited.

The Catalan word marraco (regional variant of marraix) also denotes a type of shark,[a] and the corresponding Basque word marraxo meaning 'shark' appears to be borrowed from the Spanish marrajo, according to a linguistic authority.[b][3]

Catalan marraco, marranxo, etc., is cognate with Castilian marrajo and Portuguese marraxo.[4] The marraxo spelling is also attested in the writings of the Andalusian priest Pedro de Valderrama (1550–1611), where he comments that the marraxo is one among other "monstrous fish" in the sea, such as the whale, seal, dragon.[c][5]

The Catalan word marraco also held the meaning of a 'large bull' (Spanish: morlaco) according to one gloss,[6] and Balearic Catalan (Mallorcan) marraco meant 'shy/wild' (Spanish: huraño) by transference from the meaning of a 'boar'.[d] Attempts have been made to etymologically connect these cognates[e] to Spanish morrano meaning 'pig/swine'.[f][6][7] However, these etymological inquiries do not directly remark on marraco in the sense of a fantastical beast.

History edit

Ancient origins? edit

The dragon has been used as totem creature in the region of Lleida since the 5th century BC.[8] The ancient Ilergetes people who lived in the region regarded their chieftains to have descended from the marraco, their dragon deity, according to one source.[8][better source needed]

The source which makes this ancient origins claim also describes the marraco as "a wingless green monster with sharp fangs and a twisted snout, spitting fire from its jaws",[8] writing as if such lore existed since antiquity. However, this is contradicted by a different authority, which notes that it was the advent of the marraco prop built in 1907 for the parade which "gave shape and color to this imaginary creature".[9] The green dragon prop set on wheels (cf. photographs above or illustration[8]) has been rigged with the ability to emit smoke from its nostrils,[10][11] but was not equipped with the ability to simulate fire-breathing.[12]

Middle Ages to Post-Medieval edit

Since the Middle Ages, giant effigies called gegants (sing. Catalan: gegant; Spanish: gigante, aka gigantón [es]) in likeness of giants, dwarfs, or monstrous creatures, have toured the streets as part of the Corpus Christi processions in cities across Catalonia.[13][14]

The Tarasca or Mulassa (Barcelona, Tarragona, Reus, Valls), the Cucafera [ca] of Tortosa, the Drac (dragon) of Vilafranca del Penedès named alongside the Marraco of Lleida as examples of monster effigies paraded in Catalonia during the feast.[13]

One recorded post-medieval precursor of "Lo Marraco de Lleida" was the drac or dragon figure used by the city during the procession of the Assumption of Mary for the year in 1551.[15][g] There is also record of a "drach" which was ordered to be built in 1671 by the General Council to help out in the procession, and this has also been characterized by an antecedent to the Marraco.[16]

In Lleidan lore, the Marraco was long employed by adults as one of "scare children" beings (espantacriatures [ca]) frightening mishaving children into obedience.[17][18][9] It is described as having a giant mouth capable of swallowing children whole.[18]

20th century edit

The first bona fide "Lo Marraco de Lleida" effigy for processions was crafted in 1907, and several incarnations of it has appeared intermittently for various major festivals over the years since then.[12][9] Besides the Corpus Christi, the observation of the feast day of St. Anastasi de Lleida [ca] (11 May) is another typical day when the Marraco is brought out.[18][12] It made an appearance on Saint George's Day in 2020.[9]

This first version was on active duty regularly for consecutive years from 1907 to 1912, then made a final appearance in 1915.[10][12] It was set on wheels, that is to say, mounted on a hearse-cart.[16][10] The original plaster coating over the wooden framework was destroyed by thunderstorm and had to be hastily replaced with parchment paper before the presentation prior to the city's festa major [ca], for Sant Anastasi's feast on 11 May.[10][h] The first Marraco was also engineered so that it could pretend to gobble up children from its large mouth and eject them out the tail end (rather like the Gargantúa [es] at Bilbao's main celebration).[16][12]

After a period of hiatus, a replacement was constructed in 1941,[19] but the dragon, which was plaster-cast on wire body mounted on a truck chassis[10] was so heavy and unwieldy that it needed a large number of men pushing it to propel it, so that it fell into disuse.[11]

In 1957, a renewed Marraco was commissioned by the City Council of Lleida [es], designed by architect Lluís Domènech Torres (1911–1992).[i][11][20] This version was not just placed on an automobile chassis but was motorized (though this meant that the feature of gobbling up children had to be sacrificed).[10] The dragon was now driven through the streets by the driver, and two other men rode on it to operate its body so that it could swing its neck and move its head and jaws.[11][10] The eyes were made to flash,[10][11] and a horrifying scream came out of it (which were sound recordings on magnetic tape, amplified through a loudspeaker),[11] and fumes were emitted from its nostrils.[11][10] But it lacked the sort of spectacular pyrotechnics (fire-spitting) equipped on other parade dragons of Catalonia, and its enormous size serves to impress the crowd instead.[12]

The current Marraco was rebuilt in 1993 based on the 1957 design; the old body made of plaster, wire mesh, and wood was replaced with a replica using fiberglass (Joan Miró is credited with this improvement though he died in 1983).[9][10] This dragon also sits wheels and driven through the streets like a vehicle.[9][14] Its dimensions are 8.5 metres (28 ft) long, 2.9 metres (9.5 ft) wide, 3.75 metres (12.3 ft) tall, according to figures posted by the Municipal Council.[1]

Explanatory notes edit

  1. ^ Marraco collected in Cambrils as the variant name of marraix, which in modern usage refers specifically to Lamna nasus, the porbeagle shark.[2]
  2. ^ R. L. Trask in his book "fails to identify borrowings as such" in several cases, and marraxo is one of the "blatant loanwords" from the Spanish that the reviewer (José Ignacio Hualde) noticed.
  3. ^ As a side-note, Valderrama also opines that the sea-horse may be the identity of the Biblical leviathan.
  4. ^ The 'shy' meaning is commented as being a reference to the beast's cleverness in hiding, even when being hunted with the aid of hounds, etc.
  5. ^ Or group of related words, which also includes verrac 'boar' which most approximates Latin verres; and reconstructed Spanish *marraco 'pig (?)', conjectured from the E. Andalusian diminutive marraquillo 'young pig'.[7]
  6. ^ Though the term morrano was also used as an invective against newly converted Jews and Muslims.
  7. ^ There is a painting of it by the painter Joan Giménez [ca] (1912–2003).[15]
  8. ^ One source mentions its destruction in 1911,[11] but is too vague to ascertain whether the thunderstorm incident was meant or not.
  9. ^ Lluís Domènech Torres being the father of Lluís Domènech i Girbau [es] (b. 1940).

References edit

Citations
  1. ^ a b "The Legend of Marraco". La Paeria. 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Brezianu, Andrei (2007), "Aportació a El vocubulari des pescadors de Cambrils, de Josep Lluís Savall Rom", Aquell regust d'ampla llibertat: Memòria de Josep Lluís Savall, Tarragona: Cossetània Edicions, p. 39, ISBN 9788497913263
  3. ^ Hualde, José Ignacio (Fall 1997). "(Review of) The History of Basque by R. L. Trask". Anthropological Linguistics. 39 (3): 479. JSTOR 30029004.
  4. ^ Coromines, Joan [in Catalan]; Gulsoy, Joseph [in Catalan]; Cahner, Max (1980), "tauró", Diccionari etimològic i complementari de la llengua catalana (in Catalan), vol. 8 (3 ed.), Curial Edicions Catalanes, p. 355, ISBN 9788472563155
  5. ^ Valderrama, Pedro de (1607), Exercicios espirituales para todas las festiuidades de los Sanctos (in Spanish), Barcelona: por Sebastian de Cormellas, p. 13
  6. ^ a b Monlau, Pedro Felipe [in Spanish] (1881) [1856], "marrano", Diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana ensayo, precedido de unos Rudimentos de etimología, Madrid: Imprenta y Estereotipia de Aribau, p. 798
  7. ^ a b Malkiel, Yakov (October–December 1948). "Hispano-Arabic marrano and Its Hispano-Latin Homophone". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 68 (4): 479. doi:10.2307/595941. JSTOR 595941. Reprinted in: Malkiel (1989) Theory and Practice of Romance Etymology: Studies in Language, Culture and History. Also Malkiel (January–February 1950) "Origen e historia de la palabra 'marrano'" Davar: revista literaria (26) pp. 49ff (in Spanish)
  8. ^ a b c d Bermejo, Álvaro (2021), Aquí hay dragones, Algaida Editores, ISBN 9788491895824
  9. ^ a b c d e f Agrupació del Bestiari; Bayarri, Meritxell (2021), "Lo Marraco de Lleida", El gran llibre del Bestiari català (in Catalan), Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España, p. 17, ISBN 9788418817175
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "El Marraco" (in Catalan). La Paeria. 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Pérez de Puertas (1961), p. 59.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Moya, Bienve [in Catalan] (2021), Cada dia és festa, Editorial Barcino, ISBN 9788472269873
  13. ^ a b Bavé, Juan Salvat (1971) [1951], Los gigantes y enanos de Tarrgona y Protocolo municipal: estudio histórico-costumbrista (2 ed.), Ayuntamiento de Tarragona, p. 31
  14. ^ a b Curcó i Pueyo (1996).
  15. ^ a b Lladonosa, Josep [in Catalan] (1975), Història de Lleida: Lleida foral. Lleida, cap de corregiment i de provincia (in Catalan), F. Camps Calmet, p. 243
  16. ^ a b c Pérez de Puertas (1961), p. 58.
  17. ^ Amades, Joan (1995), "Marraco", in Grau Martí, Jan (ed.), Fabulari Amades (in Spanish), Tarragona: Edicions El Mèdol, p. 107, ISBN 9788488882387
  18. ^ a b c Soler i Amigó, Joan [in Catalan] (1998), "Marraco", Enciclopèdia de la fantasia popular catalana (in Catalan), Editorial Barcanova: Editorial Barcanova, p. 431, ISBN 9788448900120
  19. ^ Built by the Barcelona workshop of A. Domènech, a craftsman specializing in festive floats.[10]
  20. ^ Curcó i Pueyo (1987).
Bibliography
  • Curcó i Pueyo, Jordi (1987). Els Gegants, Capgrossos i "Lo Marraco" de Lleida (in Catalan). Lleida: Ajuntament de Lleida. ISBN 84-50559-04-9.
  • —— (1996). "Lo Marraco" i els gegants de Lleida i comarques (in Catalan). Jan Grau (hist. introduction). Romà Sol i Clot; Maria del Carme Torres i Graell (prologue). Joan Bellmunt i Figueras (epilogue). Alcoletge: Ribera & Rius, DL. ISBN 84-89426-11-2.
  • Pérez de Puertas, Concepción (1961), El Ayuntamiento de Lérida: sus ceremonias, tradiciones y fiestas (2 ed.), Lérida: Ilerda
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