Marko Natlačen (April 24, 1886 – October 13, 1942) was a Slovenian politician and jurist, who also served as the last ban (governor) of the Drava Banovina in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. His assassination at the hands of the Slovenian Communist secret police (VOS) during World War II was an important event in the escalation of the armed conflict between the Slovenian partisans and the Slovenian paramilitary anti-revolutionary forces in the Province of Ljubljana. The role of Natlačen during World War II and the extent to which he collaborated with the Fascist Italian forces has been disputed.[1]
Biography
editNatlačen was born in the village of Manče in the upper Vipava Valley, in what was then the Duchy of Carniola within the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Natlačen finished his law studies in Vienna and then moved to Ljubljana, where he worked in a law firm. He was a member of the Slovene People's Party and an anticommunist. During the Second World War he founded the National Council of Slovenia (Slovene: Narodni svet za Slovenijo) together with the leaders of other political parties.[2]
On April 6, Germany, Italy and Hungary invaded Slovenia. Natlačen and the mayor of Ljubljana greeted and handed the occupying Italian army the keys to the city.[3] On April 12–14, Natlačen met with the German occupation army, asking them to create a Slovene quisling state, like the Independent State of Croatia.[4] The Germans refused, and Germany, Italy and Hungary partitioned Slovenia. Germany annexed Styria to the Reich, while Italy annexed the Province of Ljubljana to Italy, instituted the Italian Fascist system,[4] and forbade all Slovene political organizations. A day after the Italians annexed the Province of Ljubljana to Italy, Natlačen and a number of other Slovene politicians wrote a letter to Mussolini, congratulating him on the act.[5]
He initially accepted a position on the Fascist-established advisory council for the Province of Ljubljana, and on June 8 led a delegation to meet with Mussolini in Rome, after which he wrote Mussolini another letter expressing "complete loyalty".[6] But he resigned later that year since he saw the Italians were not interested even in any advice from the council and his opposition to the Italian authorities and their unlawful treatment of people in the Province of Ljubljana. Together with the Albert Kramer of the Liberal Party, he helped draft the London Points (Slovene: Londonske točke) in October 1941, which stated that the goals of Slovene prewar parties was the renewal of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and designated the Chetnik army of Draža Mihailović as the only legal force, while all others, including the Partisans, were declared treasonous.[7]
In 1942 Natlačen played a key role in establishing the MVAC, a Slovene collaborationist militia that fought under the command of the Italian fascist forces, having written in May 1942 a memorandum to the Italians suggesting the creation of such units.[1] Natlačen was still the internal leader of the Slovene People's Party, when the party's army, the Slovene Legion, joined the Italian MVAC forces, to jointly fight with the Italian occupation army against the Partisans.
He was assassinated by a member of the VOS, Security and Intelligence Service, Franc Stadler,[8][9] at the order of the Communist Party of Slovenia.[2] Reflecting his importance to the collaborationist cause, the Fascist authorities in retaliation for Natlačen shot 24 Slovene hostages, suspected supporters of the Liberation Front.[10] After the war the communist authorities desecrated his grave, exhumed his remains, and disposed of them at an unknown location.[2]
Controversies
editNatlačen published the anti-Serb xenophobic poem Srbe na vrbe (Hang the Serbs on the Willow Trees) in the Ljubljana newspaper Slovenec on July 27, 1914, the day before Austria-Hungary declared war against the Kingdom of Serbia.[11][12][13]
In 2007 the mayor of Natlačen's birth village, Manče, tried to dedicate a monument to Natlačen, but abandoned the plan because the local inhabitants ended being "universally opposed" to the monument, in view of Natlačen's WWII collaborationist role.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b "Spomenika Marku Natlačnu ne bo" [There Will Be No Monument to Marko Natlačen]. Delo.si. October 10, 2007. ISSN 1854-6544. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
- ^ a b c Sirc, Ljubo. 1992. Med Hitlerjem in Titom. Ljubljana: Državna založba Slovenije, pp. 14–15.
- ^ "Italijanska okupacija Slovenije – v italijanskih očeh in dokumentih".
- ^ a b Kranjc 2013, pp. 56.
- ^ Kranjc, Gregor Joseph (January 1, 2013). To Walk with the Devil: Slovene Collaboration and Axis Occupation, 1941-1945. University of Toronto Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-4426-1330-0.
- ^ Kranjc 2013, pp. 63.
- ^ Rant, Jože. 2008. Slovenski eksodus leta 1945. Buenos Aires: M. Loboda, p. 57.
- ^ Kovač, Mirko (April 23, 2006). "Mož reda in dela". Družina. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
- ^ Sečen, Ernest (October 11, 2014). "V duhovnika preoblečen atentator pobegnil na triciklu". Dnevnik. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
- ^ Tomasevich, Jozo (October 2002). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-8047-7924-1.
- ^ Gestrin, Ferdo, & Vasilij Melik. 1950. Slovenska zgodovina, 1813–1914. Ljubljana: Državna založba Slovenije, p. 165.
- ^ Saje, Franček. 1952. Ljubljana v ilegali: V odločilnih dneh, vol. 1. Ljubljana: Slovenski knjižni zavod, p. 10.
- ^ Slovene History – 20th Century, Selected Articles Written by Dr. Božo Repe, p. 116 Archived 2011-06-08 at the Wayback Machine