Wikipedia

Mardaman

Mardaman (modern Bassetki) was a northern Mesopotamian city that existed between ca.2200 and 1200 BC. It was uncovered in 2018 after translation of 92 cuneiform tablets. The tablets were discovered in summer 2017, near the Kurdish village of Bassetki, by a team of archaeologists. The team hailed from Tübingen's Institute for Ancient Near Eastern Studies, and were led by Prof. Dr. Peter Pfälzner of the University of Tübingen.[1] The city-god of Mardaman was the Hurrian goddess Shuwala. After the time of Assyrian occupation it is uncertain if this continued. It is thought that later in the 1st millennium BC a temple of Gula was at Mardaman.[2]

Mardaman
Mardaman is located in Iraq
Mardaman
Shown within Iraq
Alternative nameMardama
LocationBassetki, Dohuk Governorate, Iraq
RegionMesopotamia
Coordinates36°57′31.6″N 42°43′17.4″E / 36.958778°N 42.721500°E / 36.958778; 42.721500
TypeSettlement
History
Foundedbefore 2250 BC
PeriodsAkkadian Empire to Middle Assyrian Empire
Site notes
Excavation dates2013, 2016 - 2019
ArchaeologistsPeter Pfälzner. Dr. Hasan Qasim

History edit

The city was occupied from the Ninevite 5 period (c. 2900–2600 BC) until 600 BC.[3]

Early Bronze edit

Akkadian Period edit

The earliest reference dates to the reign of Naram-Sin of Akkad with a year name being "Year in which Naram-Sin destroyed Maridaban".[4] According to the later Sumerian literary composition The Great Revolt Against Naram-Sin, the city (then named Maridaban - Akkadian: ma-ri-da-ba-anki) joined under its ruler Duhsusu in the "Great Revolt" against the fourth Akkadian empire ruler.[5][6]

Ur III Period edit

The city was destroyed, but was later rebuilt and is mentioned by sources from the Third Dynasty of Ur with ruler Shu-Sin attacking Mardaman and using prisoners from there to work the gold and silver mines.[7][8]

Middle Bronze edit

The city was then the center of a kingdom, and was captured by Shamshi-Adad I in 1786.[9][10]

After his fall, the city became an independent kingdom under the Hurrian ruler Tish-ulme. A text was found at Mari addressed to multiple recipients including Tishe-ulme from Zimri-Lim requesting that they hand over the cities to Zimri-Lim, who would give their city back to them. Earlier it was thought that the text was never sent but it is now understood to be a copy.

"The whole land came under my control; yet every (ruler) kept his father’s throne! I heard it said, “The land of Idamaraṣ, where fortresses are held, heeds Zimri-Lim only.” Now then, WRITE me and I will come to take a sacred oath for you. HAND over a city to me and I shall give it (back) to its owner. As for all of you, and your belongings as well, I shall set you up wherever you say. On hearing my tablet, send promptly to me an answer to my letter"[11]

The relations with Mari seem to have been hostile, also seen in Mardaman's support for Hadnum. The latter changed its alliance from Zimri-Lim to the city of Kurda. Haqba-Hammu, the ruler of Karana and ally of Mari, invaded Hadnum in retaliation, with 2,000 men. Even relief forces from Mardaman could not prevent the capturing of five cities of Hadnum. Another letter in the Mari archives informed Zimri-Lim of the conquest of Mardaman by his allies Quarni-Lim of Andarig and Sharraya of northern Razama.[12] Mardaman suffered another sacking by the Turukkaeans around 1769/1768.[13]

In the Old Babylonian period a letter to the staff of Zimri-Lim in Mari read:

"... Regarding the plants (employed) against ‘the burning of ṣētu-fever’ of the physician (asû) from Mardamân and of the staff physician, about which my lord has written to me: I have sent their plants, which were gathered on a mountain, under seal with my signature to my Lord, and (I have sent) these physicians with La-gamal-abum, together with their plants. My lord has already tried the herb for (curing) ‘the burning of ṣētu-fever’ of the staff physician, but I myself have (also) tried the herb for ‘the burning of ṣētu-fever’ of the Mardamân physician and it worked well ..."[14]

Late Bronze edit

During the Middle Assyrian Empire, the city had a final period of prosperity as a governor's seat, under the name Mardama, between 1250 and 1200 BC.[15] Clay tablets indicate the name of the governor, Assur-nasir and list some of his activities.

Archaeology edit

The ruins of a Bronze Age city in Bassetki were discovered in 2013 during a field search by the University of Tübingen.[13] Since 2016 excavations, led by Prof. Dr. Peter Pfälzner and Dr. Hasan Qasim of the archaeological department in Duhok, have been conducted at the site.[16] Excavation continued in 2018 and 2019.[17]

In 2016, it was discovered that the city had a wall from c. 2700 BC protecting the upper city and an extensive road network, several residential districts and a palatial building.[18] A temple dedicated to Adad, a Mesopotamian weather god, evidently existed there.[18] In summer 2017, the archaeologists excavated 92 tablets dating to the Middle Assyrian Empire, about 1,250 BC in a ceramic vessel that was protected by a thick layer of clay, possibly for storing of the included tablets. The small, partially broken tablets were deciphered by Dr. Betina Faist, who identified Mardaman.[19]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Cuneiform tablets from Bassetki reveal location of ancient royal city of Mardaman". uni-tuebingen.de/en/. May 9, 2018.
  2. ^ Sibbing-Plantholt, Irene, "Gula in the 2nd and 1st Millennia BCE", The Image of Mesopotamian Divine Healers. Brill, pp. 51-105, 2021
  3. ^ Peter Pfälzner et al., "Urban developments in northeastern Mesopotamia from the ninevite V to the neo-assyrian periods: excavations at Bassetki", Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie, vol. 11, pp. 42-87, 2018
  4. ^ Douglas R. Frayne, "Akkad", The Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113), University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-218, 1993, ISBN 0-8020-0593-4
  5. ^ Westenholz, Joan Goodnick, "The Great Revolt against Naram-Sin", Legends of the Kings of Akkade: The Texts, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 221-262, 1997
  6. ^ Westenholz, Joan Goodnick, "“Naram-Sin and the Enemy Hordes”: The “Cuthean Legend” of Naram-Sin", Legends of the Kings of Akkade: The Texts, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 263-366, 1997
  7. ^ Michalowski, Piotr, "The Royal Letters in Their Historical Setting 2: Great Walls, Amorites, and Military History: The Puzur-Šulgi and Šarrum-bani Correspondence (Letters 13–14 and 19–20)", The Correspondence of the Kings of Ur: An Epistolary History of an Ancient Mesopotamian Kingdom, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2011, pp. 122-169, 2011
  8. ^ Wilcke, C., "Sumerian: What We Know and What We Want to Know", Proceedings of the 53th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale: Vol. 1: Language in the Ancient Near East (2 parts), edited by Leonid E. Kogan, Natalia Koslova, Sergey Loesov and Serguei Tishchenko, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 1-76, 2010
  9. ^ [1]Morandi Bonacossi, Daniele; Qasim, Hasan Ahmad; Coppini, Costanza; Gavagnin, Katia; Girotto, Elisa; Iamoni, Marco & Tonghini, Cristina, "The Italian-Kurdish Excavations at Gir-e Gomel in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Preliminary Report on the 2017 and 2018 Field Seasons", Mesopotamia 53: 67–162, 2018
  10. ^ Charpin , D. - Ziegler , N., "Mari et le Proche-Orient à l’époque amorrite: essai d’histoire politique", Paris, 2003
  11. ^ Sasson, Jack M., "Warfare", From the Mari Archives: An Anthology of Old Babylonian Letters, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 181-214, 2015
  12. ^ Heimpel, Wolfgang, "4. Translation of Texts from ARM 26/1", Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 173-283, 2003
  13. ^ a b Karbe, Antje. "Keilschrifttafeln von Bassetki lüften Geheimnis um Königsstadt Mardamann". uni-tuebingen.de. University of Tübingen.
  14. ^ Steinert, Ulrike, "‘Tested’ Remedies in Mesopotamian Medical Texts: A Label for Efficacy Based on Empirical Observation?", In the Wake of the Compendia: Infrastructural Contexts and the Licensing of Empiricism in Ancient and Medieval Mesopotamia, edited by J. Cale Johnson, Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 103-146, 2015
  15. ^ Puljiz, Ivana, "Faience for the empire: A Study of Standardized Production in the Middle Assyrian State", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 111, no. 1, pp. 100-122, 2021
  16. ^ Peter Pfälzner and Hasan A Qasim, The first and second seasons of the german-kurdish excavations at Bassetki in 2015 and 2016, Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie, vol. 10, pp. 10-43, 2017
  17. ^ Pfälzner, P./H. A. Qasim, "From Akkadian Maridaban to Middle-Assyrian Mardama. Excavations at Bassetki in 2018 and 2019", ZOrA 13, pp. 12-89, 2020
  18. ^ a b "Significant Bronze Age city discovered in Northern Iraq". Science Daily. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  19. ^ Pfälzner, P., and B. Faist, "Eine Geschichte der Stadt Mardama (n)", In mu-zu an-za3še3 kur-ur2-še3 ḫe2-ĝal2, Altorientalische Studien zu Ehren von Konrad Volk, pp. 347-389, 2020

External links edit

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