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Manipur State Congress

This article is about the party founded in 1946. For the party founded in 1997, see Manipur State Congress Party.

Manipur State Congress was a political party in the princely state of Manipur around the time of Indian independence. It was influential in the Constitution-making Committee set up for formulating the Manipur State Constitution Act. It contested the election for the legislative assembly under the constitution in 1948. It was the largest party in the assembly, but failed to win a majority and sat in opposition. Following the merger of Manipur into India in 1949, it merged into the Assam provincial unit of the Indian National Congress.

Manipur State Congress
PresidentR. K. Bhubonsana Singh
General SecretaryYumnam Khoimacha
Founded4 October 1946
Dissolved1949; 75 years ago (1949)
Preceded byNikhil Manipuri Mahasabha
Merged intoIndian National Congress
Ideologyresponsible government
Political positioncentrist

Background edit

In 1934, Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha (NMM) was established by Hijam Irabot with the-then Maharajah Churachand Singh as president.[1] By 1938 it had become a prominent political front advocating the democratization of the powers held by the Darbar [Council] and an overhaul of the corrupt colonial administration.[2][3][4] The organisation called for abolition of exploitative taxes, reunification of the hills with the valley, establishment of self-rule, installation of a Panchayat system, and the establishment of a unicameral legislature based on suffrage.[3][5][6] Around the period of World War II, 1940–1946, Irabot was imprisoned and later externed from the state. In prison, he had met communist leaders and was influenced by them. After release, he took part in kisan movements (farmers' movements). During his absence, other leaders took control of the Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha.

When Irabot returned to Manipur in 1946, according to commentators, the new leaders of NMM did not wish to relinquish control, and decided to marginalise Irabot.[7] Their strategem was to accuse Irabot of collusion with the communists. In a letter written to Irabot in April, NMM made it clear that it sympathised with the Indian National Congress and that it was anti-communist.[8] In a submission to the British Cabinet Mission, NMM is said to have proposed a 'united kingdom' for the whole of India with the central government controlling defence, finance, trade, communications, road and transport, taxes and foreign policy.[8] In August 1946, NMM petitioned Maharaja Bodhchandra Singh for an immediate declaration of responsible government. The Maharaja appears to have been receptive to an extent.[9]

In the meantime, Irabot had set up new organisations such as the Manipur Praja Mandal, Manipur Praja Sanmelani, Manipur Praja Sangha and Manipur Krishak Sabha. Through them, he promoted mass movements and competed with NMM.[10]

Relations with Indian National Congress edit

Relations and strategies of Manipur parties with regard to Indian National Congress (INC) are subject to debate within Manipuri scholarship, with some scholars claiming that the Manipur State Congress was an integral part of the INC,[11][12] others denying that it had any relation with it,[13] and some others being ambivalent.[14]

INC's policies towards the princely states are found by scholars to have been "ambiguous and negligent".[15] The Haripura annual session in 1938 passed a resolution confirming the long-standing policy of non-involvement in the affairs of the princely states, but individual members were not barred from getting involved in personal capacity. These involvements were via the All India States Peoples' Conference (AISPC), a conglomeration of peoples' movements in the princely states.[16] It appears that both NMM and the Manipur State Congress after its formation, were members of the AISPC, and these links extended back to the days of Irabot's leadership.[17] Jawaharlal Nehru, a key INC leader, was elected AISPC president in 1939 and remained in that position till 1946. In his January 1946 presidential address to AISPC (in Udaipur), Nehru stated his vision that about fifteen to twenty large states might enter the Indian federation as autonomous units with their rulers as constitutional heads while the other states would be absorbed into the neighbouring British Indian provinces. He was opposed to the formation of unions of princely states.[18][a]

Formation edit

The Manipur State Congress was formed on 4 October 1946, in a meeting convened at the Aryan Theatre in Imphal, with the agenda of bringing together all the political parties on a common platform so that pressure could be mounted on the Maharaja for responsible government.[10][19] Irabot's parties, Manipur Krishak Sabha and Manipur Praja Sangha, were given one seat each on the governing committee, but Irabot himself was barred from being their representative on account of being a "communist". The accusation of Irabot created an ugly scene, with the result that Irabot and his colleagues left the meeting. The remaining organisations resolved to come together under the umbrella of Manipur State Congress. The president of the new party was R. K. Bhubonsana Singh and the general secretary was Yumnam Khoimacha.[10][20][21][b]

Activities and fissures edit

In December 1946, the Maharaja declared the formation of a Constitution-Making Committee for the state. Manipur State Congress won all the five seats in the valley area for the Constitution-Making Committee. Irabot's parties boycotted the election, calling undemocratic. The Manipur State Constitution was ready by July 1947, ahead of schedule.[23]

Almost a whole year passed before the election for the legislative assembly under the new constitution.[c] On 11 August 1947, the Maharaja acceded to the Indian Union and also signed a standstill agreement to continue the existing arrangements as present under the British rule.[24][25] The Political Agent that used to be stationed under the British rule was replaced by a 'Dominion Agent' of the Government of India. Debeswar Sarmah, a high-ranking member of the Assam unit of INC, was appointed as the Domion Agent.[26] The President of Manipur State Durbar, who governed the state under the British Rule, was replaced by an interim council headed by a chief minister, Maharaja's brother M. K. Priyobrata Singh having been selected for the post. Two out of the six members of the interim council were members of the State Congress.Parratt, Wounded Land (2005, pp. 97–99)

The formation of the interim council split the State Congress, with an opposition formed under the leadership of Elangbam Tompok Singh.[d] It came to be called the 'Tompok Congress'. A faction under Tomal Singh (the 'Tomal Congress') supported the interim council as formed. It appeared that the Tompok Congress was integrationist, supporting measures for the integration of Manipur with India in some form.[27][28]

Before the election, a new party called Praja Shanti came into being, widely believed to have been floated by the Maharaja and his Durbar elites. The party was pro-royalist and anti-Congress. When the election was held in June–July 1948, Manipur State Congress won 14 seats, but Praja Shanti was close behind with 12 seats. Praja Shanti was able to form the government with the support of Irabot's parties (6 seats) and the hill representatives, who were not affiliated to any of the valley parties (18 seats).[29]

Notes edit

  1. ^ These were evidently Nehru's remarks in his personal capacity, not official INC policy. As it happens, princely state unions were indeed formed after the independence of India.
  2. ^ Bhubonsana Singh was formerly the president of Manipur Praja Sangha, which was a union of Manipur Praja Mandal and Manipur Praja Sanmelani, parties set up by Irabot himself.[22]
  3. ^ The reason for the delay is not adequately explained.
  4. ^ Tompok Singh was a former member of the NMM.

References edit

  1. ^ Parratt & Parratt, Hijam Irabot (2000)[page needed]
  2. ^ Parratt & Parratt, Hijam Irabot (2000)[page needed]
  3. ^ a b Thoiba Singh, Wakambam (1984). Meetei Polity – A study of the socio-economic and political changes among the Meeteis from 1750 to 1950 (Thesis). Guwahati University/Shodhganga. p. 228-232 (Chapter 5). hdl:10603/69732.
  4. ^ Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy (2015)[page needed]
  5. ^ Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy (2015)[page needed]
  6. ^ Parratt & Parratt, Hijam Irabot (2000)[page needed]
  7. ^ Parratt, Wounded Land (2005), pp. 94–95: "Some in the NMM, whether through genuine concern at possible Communist infiltration or simply through envy, were clearly unhappy with Irabot's participation in the deliberations, and swiftly plotted to remove him from the political scene.".
  8. ^ a b Parratt, Wounded Land (2005), pp. 94–95.
  9. ^ Parratt, Wounded Land (2005), pp. 95–96: "Bodhchandra had by this time accepted proposals for an assembly, and on 21st September 1946 he wrote to the Political Agent asking for the Government's approval to make a declaration which would lead to responsible government.".
  10. ^ a b c Parratt, Wounded Land (2005), pp. 95–96.
  11. ^ Meetei, Narrating the Nation in Manipur (2018), pp. 116-117: "The Manipur state Congress Unit formed in 1946 as an extension of the Indian National Congress (INC), which had advocated integration... ".
  12. ^ Constantine, R. (1981), Manipur, Maid of the Mountains, Lancers, p. 86, ... the Nikhil Manipur Mahasabha which had by then become the Manipur State Congress, was part and parcel of the Indian National Congress which brought about Independence.
  13. ^ Parratt, Wounded Land (2005), p. 101: "The Manipur State Congress did not originate in the Indian National Congress (as some have argued), and only gradually came under its umbrella, partly at least because its leaders saw this connection as a means of consolidating their power in the state.".
  14. ^ Ramusack, Congress and the People's Movement in Princely India (1988), p. 377: "Congress was oriented primarily towards institutions and events in the British-controlled provinces of India and in some ways was as ambiguous and negligent in its policies toward political activity in the princely states as the British were toward their rulers.".
  15. ^ McLeod, Sovereignty, Power, Control (1999), pp. 44–45.
  16. ^ Chishti, Political Development in Manipur (2005), pp. 90–92: "It was quite apparent that the leaders of the Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha also received regular instructions from the Sylhet and Gauhati Congresses. Irabot occasionally visited Gauhati and Sylhet to see the President of the Assam Provincial Committee with a view to receive instructions.".
  17. ^ Ramusack, Congress and the People's Movement in Princely India (1988), p. 393.
  18. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011).
  19. ^ Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy (2015), pp. 67–68.
  20. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), pp. 117–118.
  21. ^ Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy (2015), p. 67.
  22. ^ Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy (2015), pp. 68–69.
  23. ^ Dena, Lal (1991), History of Modern Manipur, 1826-1949, Orbit Publishers-Distributors
  24. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), p. 139.
  25. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), pp. 139–140.
  26. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), pp. 123–124.
  27. ^ Chishti, Political Development in Manipur (2005), pp. 120–121.
  28. ^ Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy (2015), p. 69.

Bibliography edit

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