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The Major Sunni-Shia Wars (1169–Present) are a series of significant conflicts rooted in the deep-seated sectarian divide between Sunni and Shia Muslims. These wars have profoundly shaped the political and religious dynamics of the Islamic world. Over the centuries, this divide has been a central factor in numerous wars, battles, and power struggles across the Middle East and beyond. These conflicts have not only influenced the course of regional history but have also left lasting impacts on the global Muslim community.
Saladin became the vizier of Egypt in 1169, and in 1171, he peacefully ended the Shia Fatimid Caliphate, establishing Sunni rule and founding the Ayyubid dynasty. This shift was significant but did not involve a major war; it was largely a political transition rather than a large-scale conflict. Saladin's rule in Egypt marked a crucial realignment in the region's religious and political landscape, solidifying Sunni dominance.
The Safavid dynasty emerged in Persia in the early 16th century, following the decline of the Aq Qoyunlu confederation. The Aq Qoyunlu, a Turkmen federation, were defeated by the Safavids, who then established their own Shi'a empire. The Safavids became a significant force in the region, establishing Shi'a Islam as the state religion.
This conflict was part of the ongoing struggle between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire over control of Eastern Anatolia and the Caucasus. The war ended with the Treaty of Amasya in 1555, which recognized Ottoman control over eastern Anatolia and Safavid control over Azerbaijan, stabilizing the border between the two empires.
the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639) conflict was fought over control of Iraq and the Caucasus. It ended with the Treaty of Zuhab in 1639, which confirmed Ottoman control over Iraq while the Safavids retained the eastern part of the Caucasus.
The Siege of Isfahan led to the fall of the Safavid Empire. Afghan forces under Mahmud Hotak besieged the capital, and after months of starvation and suffering, Shah Sultan Husayn surrendered, ending Safavid rule and beginning Afghan control over Persia.
In 1729, Nader Shah restored Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne after defeating Afghan. This restoration was short-lived, as Nader Shah soon deposed Tahmasp II and established the Afsharid dynasty.
This war began when Iraq, under Saddam Hussein, invaded Iran. The conflict was marked by trench warfare and significant casualties on both sides. It ended in a stalemate with a United Nations-brokered ceasefire in 1988, but the war caused extensive economic and human damage.
Beginning in 2011 as part of the Arab Spring, the Syrian Civil War involved a conflict between the Assad regime (supported by Iran and Hezbollah and PMF) and various opposition groups, including Kurdish forces and free Syrian army. The war has drawn in international actors and led to significant casualties, displacement, and a humanitarian crisis.
The ongoing Yemeni Civil War began in 2014 when Houthi rebels took control of Yemen's capital, Sana'a. The conflict escalated with a Saudi-led coalition intervening in support of the internationally recognized government. The war has led to a severe humanitarian crisis and widespread suffering.
References
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