Luxembourg–Turkey relations are the bilateral relation between Luxembourg and Turkey. Following Luxembourg's independence from the Netherlands,[1] Turkey recognized Luxembourg on May 31, 1867.[1] The Turkish Embassy in Luxembourg was established in 1987.[2] In response, Luxembourg opened its embassy in Ankara on November 29, 2011.[2]
 | |
 Luxembourg |
 Turkey |
|---|---|
History edit
Relations became tense in late 1990s following the 1997 Luxembourg Council meeting, where the German Chancellor Helmut Kohl defined[3] the European Union as requiring “civilization,” which a Muslim majority country[4] such as Turkey lacked.
Turks were further shocked[5] by the discussion in which the Greek foreign minister Pangalos[6] gave an unmitigated description[5] of the Turks as “bandits, murderers and rapists.’’
High level visits edit
| Guest | Host | Place of visit | Date of visit |
|---|---|---|---|
 Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
|
 Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker
|
Grand Ducal Palace, Luxembourg City | November 2004[7] |
| Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker
|
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
|
Çankaya Köşkü, Ankara | November 8–9, 2011[7] |
| Grand Duke Henri
|
President Abdullah Gül
|
Çankaya Köşkü, Ankara | November 18–22, 2013[7] |
Economic relations edit
- Trade volume between the two countries was US$160 million in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 36/124 million USD).[7]
- There are direct flights from Istanbul to Luxembourg City twice daily.[7]
- 2,764 tourists from Luxembourg visited Turkey in 2015.[7]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Hale, William. “Turkish foreign policy since 1774” (Routledge, 2012).
- ^ a b "Relations between Turkey and Luxembourg". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
- ^ Boomgaarden, Hajo G. “Religion and Party Positions Towards Turkish EU Accession,” Comparative European Politics, 10 (2012).
- ^ De Vreese, Claes. “A Threat Called Turkey: Perceived Religious Threat and Support for EU Entry of Croatia, Switzerland and Turkey,” Acta Politica, 48.1 (2013).
- ^ a b Heinz, Kramer, A Changing Turkey: A Challenge to Europe and the US (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000), p. 287, footnote 40.
- ^ McLaren, Lauren M. “Explaining Opposition to Turkish Membership of the EU,” European Union Politics, 8.2 (2007).
- ^ a b c d e f "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Luxembourg". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
Further reading edit
- Barber, Lionel. “EU Group Rebuffs Turkish Entry Push,” Financial Times, 5 March 1997.
- Boomgaarden, Hajo G. “Religion and Party Positions Towards Turkish EU Accession,” Comparative European Politics, 10 (2012).
- De Vreese, Claes. “A Threat Called Turkey: Perceived Religious Threat and Support for EU Entry of Croatia, Switzerland and Turkey,” Acta Politica, 48.1 (2013).
- Heinz, Kramer, A Changing Turkey: A Challenge to Europe and the US (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000), p. 287, footnote 40.
- Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman. “Negotiating Europe: The Politics of Religion and the Prospects for Turkish Accession,” Review of International Studies, 32.3 (2006), p. 406.
- McLaren, Lauren M. “Explaining Opposition to Turkish Membership of the EU,” European Union Politics, 8.2 (2007).
- Müftüler, Leyla. “Through the Looking Glass: Turkey in Europe,” Turkish Studies, 1.1 (Spring 2000).
- Neumann, Iver B. Uses of the Other: The East in European Identity Formation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999).