Lumnitzera racemosa, commonly known as the white-flowered black mangrove,[4] is a species of mangrove in the family Combretaceae.[5] It is found on the eastern coast of Africa and other places in the western Indo-Pacific region.[6] It has one accepted variety from the noniminate species which is Lumnitzera racemosa var. lutea (Gaudich.) Exell.[7][8]
| Lumnitzera racemosa | |
|---|---|
_-_Kung_Krabaen,_Chantaburi_province,_Thailand.JPG)
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Combretaceae |
| Genus: | Lumnitzera |
| Species: | L. racemosa
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| Binomial name | |
| Lumnitzera racemosa | |
| Synonyms | |
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List | |
Description
editLumnitzera racemosa is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree, growing to a maximum height of 37 m (121 ft). It develops pneumatophores and often has stilt roots. The leaves are arranged spirally at the tips of the shoots; they are simple and obovate, with slightly toothed margins. The inflorescences grow in short spikes in the axils of the leaves or at the tips of the shoots. The flowers are small and white, and are followed by woody, flattened fruits containing a single seed.[9]
Distribution and habitat
editThis species is native from KwaZulu-Natal to southeast Kenya in the western Indian Ocean, tropical & subtropical Asia to the western Pacific.[3] Its range includes KwaZulu-Natal, Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, Madagascar, Aldabra, Seychelles, Chagos Archipelago, Maldives, India, Sri Lanka, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, southeast China, Hainan, Taiwan, Nansei-shoto, Korea, South China Sea, Philippines, Peninsular Malaysia, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, New Guinea, and New Caledonia. In Mozambique it is one of only ten mangrove species.[6] It grows in the higher part of the intertidal zone and is found both on beaches and lining the banks of creeks. It is a fast-growing, pioneering species.[1]
Uses
editThe timber of Lumnitzera racemosa is strong and durable and has many uses, including bridge construction.[10] The wood is highly favoured for charcoal making in Cambodia. The bark is harvested for the tannins it contains.[11]
Status
editMangroves in general are under threat from coastal development, and this species, which grows on the landward edge of the mangrove area, may be more threatened by rising sea levels than are other species because it may be unable to move further inland. There may be a decline in populations of this species due to habitat loss or harvesting, but it is a common species of mangrove with a very wide range, and is not declining at a sufficient rate to be included in any threatened category, so it is listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being of "least concern".[1]
The variety of racemosa, also known as Tonga mangrove (Afrikaans: Tonga-wortelboom, Zulu: Isikhaha-esibomvu), is a protected tree in South Africa.[12]
Common names
editThe plant is known by a variety of common names. These include krâ:nhob sâ: (sâ:=white< Khmer)
References
edit
- ^ a b c Ellison, J.; Koedam, N.E.; Wang, Y.; Primavera, J.; Jin Eong, O.; Wan-Hong Yong, J.; Ngoc Nam, V. (2010). "Lumnitzera racemosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T178846A7625290. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178846A7625290.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ "Lumnitzera racemosa Willd., Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin iv. (1803) 187". International Plant Name Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Lumnitzera racemosa Willd". Plants of the World Online (POWO). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ "Lumnitzera racemosa Willd.: white-flowered black mangrove". USDA. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ "Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- ^ a b The World's Mangroves, 1980-2005: A Thematic Study in the Framework of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2007. pp. 15–17. ISBN 978-92-5-105856-5.
- ^ "Lumnitzera racemosa var. lutea (Gaudich.) Exell". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ "Lumnitzera racemosa var. lutea (Gaudich.) Exell, Flora Malesiana ser. I (1951)". International Plant Name Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ "Lumnitzera racemosa Willd". Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- ^ Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Used In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. p. 410.
- ^ Fern, Ken (13 June 2019). "Lumnitzera racemosa". Useful Tropical Plants Database. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
- ^ "Protected Trees" (PDF). Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa. 3 May 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2010.