The Lower Ramu or Ottilien–Misegian languages consist of two branches in the Ramu language family. They are all spoken in Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.[1][2]
| Lower Ramu | |
|---|---|
| Ottilien–Misegian | |
| Geographic distribution | Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Ramu
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | lowe1439 |
Classification edit
The Lower Ramu languages as classified by Usher and by Foley (2018) are:[3][4]
- Lower Ramu languages
- Ottilien languages
- Misegian languages (Ruboni languages)
Lower Ramu as presented in Foley (2018) has been reduced in scope from the classification given in Foley (2005), which is as follows.[5]
- Lower Ramu
The Ataitan languages, including Tangu and Igom, are not included in Foley (2018).
Pronouns edit
Tentative proto-Lower Ramu pronoun reconstructions by Foley (2005) are:[5]
singular dual plural 1st person *ŋgu *aŋga *ai 2nd person *nu *(n)oŋgo(a) *ni/e 3rd person *ma(n) *mani(ŋg) *mV(n)
Cognates edit
Like cognates between proto-Lower Sepik and proto-Lower Ramu listed by Foley (2005) are:[5]
gloss proto-Lower Sepik proto-Lower Ramu tongue *minɨŋ *mi(m) ear *kwand- *kwar lime *awi(r) *awi(r) eat *am(b) *am(b)
References edit
- ^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Papua New Guinea languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
- ^ United Nations in Papua New Guinea (2018). "Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup". Humanitarian Data Exchange. 1.31.9.
- ^ Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Lower Ramu River
- ^ Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ a b c Foley, William A. (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 109–144. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
Further reading edit
- Paris, Brian. 2015. A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Lower Ramu Languages of Papua New Guinea. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2015-009.