Wikipedia

Louis Germain Lévy

Louis Germain Lévy (February 10, 1870 – December 15, 1946) was a French Rabbi and the founder of Union libérale israélite de France, the first Liberal synagogue in France.

Rabbi
Louis Germain Lévy
Students of the Israelite Seminary in 1891. Louis Germain Levy is third from the left in the front row.
BornFebruary 10, 1870
10th arrondissement of Paris, France
DiedDecember 15, 1946(1946-12-15) (aged 76)
16th arrondissement of Paris, France
Burial placeMontparnasse Cemetery
EducationIsraelite Seminary of France
The Sorbonne
Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales
École pratique des hautes études
Occupation(s)Rabbi, Military chaplain,
Known forFirst Rabbi of the Union libérale israélite de France

Biography

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Family

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Louis Germain Lévy was born in Paris on February 10, 1870, the son of Isaac Lévy, a merchant trader and Rosalie Lévy née Weill.[1] He married Alice Jacob June 23, 1919 in Paris' Paris' 1st arrondissement.[2]

Education

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Lévy studied at École Halphen on rue Lafayette, the oldest Jewish school in France.[3] He later attended the Talmud Torah of the Séminaire israélite de France[4] before entering the seminary itself, becoming a rabbi in 1895. Rabbi Zadoc Kahn made him Levy his personal secretary. During his time in rabbinical school, his favorite subjects were about Maimonides and Second Temple Judaism.[3] Levy obtained a Doctor of Letters from The Sorbonne[5] on the family unit in ancient Israelite culture, with a secondary thesis on the metaphysics of Maimonides. Levy received a Diploma from the Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales in 1893 in Hebrew and from the École pratique des hautes études from the 5th section (religion) in 1893 and the 4th section (history and philology) in 1894.[5]

Levy completed his military service by serving in the 28th Infantry Regiment, where he served from November 11, 1893 to November 1, 1894.[6]

Great Synagogue of Paris

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In 1895, Chief Rabbi of France Zadoc Kahn, concerned with the community abandoning religious practice, organized Sunday conferences at the Grand Synagogue of Paris for young people, with a liturgical component.[4] Louis Germain Lévy gave presentations on work and workers in the Bible and Talmud, dignity and humanity in Judaism, and led the sunday morning services in the oratory of the Great Synagogue.[7]

The Union libérale israélite (ULI) in August 1900, proposed creating:[4]

[…] either in one of the Consistorial syangogues or in a private oratory, a true service with songs and preaching, on the day which is more propitious, and defend from wanting to transfer to Sunday the sacred character of Saturday.[8]

Dijon

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On July 22, 1901, Levy became Rabbi in Dijon and a military chaplain.[9]

Founder of French Liberal Judaism

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In February 1904, Louis Germain Lévy published a brochure entitled Une religion rationnelle et laïque [sic]. La religion du xxe siècle (A Rational and Secular Religion. The Religion of the 20th century). Inspired by Auguste Comte, Ernest Renan and Catholic modernism, he noted: Judaism, eminently, needs to adapt itself to contemporary thought; stripped of obsolete practices, institutions, and customs, of all dogmatic residue" to become a religion of the 20th century.[4] He was inspired by Hyacinthe Loyson, an excommunicated priest.

Opposition

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Considered an undesirable at the Grand Synagogue after the death of Zadoc Kahn in December 1905, and with the recent French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State the Union libérale israélite was founded, independent from the consistory of Paris.

The Paris Consistory argued to the Central Consistory that the reforms envisaged by the ULI were too ”radical”. However, the prefect authorized the change.

In March 1906, the magazine Archives israélites castigated "the singular pretention of the Union libérale" in which it only wanted to see a feminist inclination, because the Union "has as a patron ladies belonging to Paris high society", who can go astray by playing intellectuals.

The core directors published a letter with their objectives: except for the Shema and Kidusha, prayers would be recited in French, services would be shorter; preaching would become a central part of the service, Saturday services are supplemented with preaching on Sunday morning; religious instruction is given to children in a "modern spirit"; the bar-mitzvah would be a simple formality; conferences would be given on Jewish topics.

Clarisse Eugène Simon and Marguerite Brandon-Salvador, initiators of the project, stayed in the shadows while their male colleagues, Salvador Lévi, President, Alphonse Pereyra, vice-president, and Gaston Bach, secretary, signed the articles in the press.

In June 1906, Louis-Germain Lévy submitted a "reform motion" to the rabbinical congress, which was rejected.

In January 1907, Archives israélites described the scandal: "of having installed a modern-style worship service in a room belonging to the Consistory!"[10] The Orthodox faithful at the Grand Synagogue pressured the new Chief Rabbi Alfred Lévy, who eventually gave in. The Liberals were told to leave.[4]

Rue Copernic synagogue

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List of founders Union libérale israélite de France

In 1902, Lévy, supported by Alphonse Pereyra, opened an oratory out of his house at 17 rue Greuze. The community claimed to be “Sinaism or Reform Judaism”, “a rite”, and “a rejuvenation of our old cult”.[11]

The new community rented a building at 24 rue Copernic, and transformed the old painter's studio into a space able to welcome around 200 people.

Lévy became the rabbi and began living at the address. Marguerite Brandon-Salvador offered a harmonium.

The inaugural service was celebrated on December 1, 1907. Pastor Jules-Émile Roberty, who was present that night, noted the lack of knowledge among the congregation of the prayers, rituals and of Hebrew, especially when Lévy pronounced, in French, King Solomon's prayer for the dedication of the Temple in Jerusalem. The congregants, moved and astonished by the prayer, believed it to be a text written for the occasion.[12][4]

A Protestant doctoral thesis described the synagogue:[4]

The synagogue is decorated with Hebrew and French inscriptions. A platform serving as a pulpit is in the center, between two seven-branched candleholders. The rabbi put on a cassock, a lace cravat and a traditional tallit. He had his head uncovered like his assistants. The sexes were not separated. The essential prayers were spoken in Hebrew, others in French; the main worship has become, by circumstance, that of Sunday morning and is marked by a conference. The holidays are solemnized only one day instead of two; their worship passes hardly an hour.[13]

Levy wanted to build "a Temple of the universal union with God",[14] reconciling science and practice, tradition and modernity. Active in the global religious reform and ecumenism, he established the rites of the Union libérale israélite de France.[15]

Shabbat services on Friday night at 6pm and Saturday morning at 10:30am were maintained. The Sunday services, accompanied by a sermon, were also attended by liberals from other religions, freemasons, esotericists, and theosophists.[16]

One service, the first Sunday of the month, was devoted to the education of men. Until their bar mitzvah, they were given classes on Thursdays in Hebrew, Jewish history, Jewish literature and "Jewish doctrines".[4] On Sunday, November 26, 1911, Levy invited Abdu'l-Baha, leader of the Baha'i Faith and promoter of a universal religion.[5]

First World War

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During the First World War, Levy served as a chaplain in the Grand Quartier Général.

Salvador Lévi replaced him as Rabbi during this time. As Sunday services gained in popularity, Salvador Lévi eliminated the Saturday services. When Lévy returned to his duties, he did not reinstate the Saturday services.

The Oratory and the Synagogue

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In 1921, Lévy negotiated the acquisition of the building on behalf of the ULI.

He charged the architect Marcel Lemarié (1864-1941) to create the synagogue, inaugurated in 1924 for the High Holy Days.

Interfaith marriages were celebrated without reluctance.[17] Reform after reform, suppression after suppression, ULI began accepting converts to Judaism without a circumcision, a scandalous policy.

An independent community

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The Synagogue of the Union libérale israélite de France at Rue Copernic

On June 18, 1924, ULI had become a part of the Paris community,[18] as an cultural association not administratively affiliated with the Consistory.

Shabbat services were newly celebrated, in Hebrew, on Saturday morning. Interfaith marriages were abolished, the Sunday morning service (without a Torah reading and with prayers in French) were maintained, and congregants covered their head if they wished, with the exception of the officiants; mixing of the sexes was optional.[4] According to a 1937 correspondence with Maurice Liber et Julien Weill, Lévy wanted to continued to celebrating mixed marriages.

In 1921, he encouraged more observance of Shabbat with the Shabbat league. This also included attending services, reciting havdalah, the Hagomel prayer, prayers for the sick and those in mourning and the Priestly Blessing.[5]

In 1924, Lévy created the Liberal Israelite Youth (Jeunesse libérale israélite), which publish a magazine called Le Petit Rayon. For the public, Levy organized conferences with Léo Baeck, Edmond Fleg,[5]Gershon Sholem, Martin Buber, Julius Guttmann, Naftali Herz Tur-Sinai, Hanoch Albeck, Joachim Prinz, Siegfried Silberstein[5] for courses on Hebrew, the history of Judaism, group studies, dances, outings, camps and vacations[5] and created a library. He also encouraged young people to donate to the Jewish National Fund.[19]

In June 1926, Levy developed a "religious initiation ceremony" for youth.[20] Young people would sit in the front row, the rabbi would read the Amidah, followed by a public profession of faith. Each young person would come to the Bimah and recited a passage, passed in front of the Torah and then received the blessing from the Rabbi. The ceremony, meticulously regulated by Aimé Pallière,[21] also included choirs, organs, and a prayer to France.[4] In 1927 and 1928, a Passover Seder was held in a restaurant to initiate the youth. Levy also develop Zionist youth groups and scouting groups for the youth. The wolf pack group was created in 1931 before being renamed in 1932 to the Scouts of Liberal Israelite Youth (Éclaireurs de la Jeunesse libérale israélite). Youth were also involved in museum visits, sport activities and participated in meetings of the WUPJ.[19][5]

Teaching

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Lévy worked as a professor of History (1895-1905), Philosophy (1895-1940) and was the director of the Talmud Torah (1895-1940) at his alma mater École Halphen. In 1901, École Halphen became École Lucien-de-Hirsch.[5] He served as a guest professor at the Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums where he taught Jewish literature (1905-1914 et 1919-1939),[5] Homiletics (1905-1914 et 1919-1939),[5] and history of the Jewish people (1919-1939).[5] Levy was a guest professor at the Jewish Theological Seminary in Breslau and Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, where he taught Talmudic Judaism and Rabbinic Judaism,[5] Jewish literature[5] and history of the Jewish people.[3][5] He applied, unsuccessfully, to be the chair of Jewish history and civilization position created by the Université de Paris in 1930.[4] Levy was secretary of the editorial board for the Revue des études juives from 1907-1932 (except during his mobilization in World War I) and later served as its director from 1932 to 1940.[5] He was secretary-general and later president of the Société des études juives[5] and president of the Société asiatique (1944-1946).[5]

World Union for Progressive Judaism

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In 1926, Lévy went to London for the founding of the World Union for Progressive Judaism (WUPJ), led by Claude Montefiore, Lily Montagu et Israel Mattuck []. He became vice-president of the organization.[4]

Lévy contributed to the establishment of Liberal Judaism in the United Kingdom.[22] He approved of an idea of a "World Union of Progressive Jews" on October 12, 1925 and spoke at its opening ceremony on April 3, 1930. Proselytizing by the liberal movement was aimed at Jewish immigrants from Russia and Poland as well as pioneers in Palestine.:[4]

New generations [...] do not want more orthodoxy but do not know the nature of Liberal Judaism and instead opt for irreligion.[23]

Arnold Schoenberg

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Document attesting to the return to Judaism of Arnold Schönberg in 1933, Marc Chagall was a witness

André Neher relates a story in his work Ils ont refait leur âme:

Before us Louis-Germain Lévy, Rabbi of the Union libérale israélite, 24 rue

Copernic, in Paris, was presented on July 24, 1933 M. Arnold Schoenberg, born in Vienna September 30, 1874, to express to us his formal desire to return to the Community of Israel. After having given the present Declaration to M. Arnold Schoenberg, the latter declared that this was an expression of his thoughts and his will.

Made in Paris in my office, 24 rue Copernic twenty-four July 1933, Read and approved: Rabbi Louis-Germain Lévy, Arnold Schoenberg

Witness: Dr Marianoff, Marc Chagall

Lévy explained that a Jew who converts to another religion remains Jewish, so it is not necessary for a ceremony to mark a return to Judaism.[24]

Regina Jonas

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On December 27, 1935, Regina Jonas was ordained by Rabbis Max Dienemann from the Association of Liberal Rabbis of Germany and Lévy in Offenbach-sur-le-Main.[25]

World War II

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In May 1940, a non-mobilized Rabbinical corps took refuge in Lyon.[4] Lévy moved there with his wife, was charged by Chief Rabbi Maurice Liber with writing reports for the Central Consistory.[5]

He returned to Paris, where he would learn of an order from September 23, 1940 prohibiting Jews who fled the Occupied Zone from returning. Levy stayed, despite that order.

Overnight between October 2 and 3, 1941, the synagogue was attacked. Levy escaped because he was staying with the community's insurer Jean Daniel Videau at 82 rue Lauriston. Videau became provisional administrator of the ULI on October 20, 1941, because the Rabbi and André Baur refused to afilliate with the Consistorial Association.

A decree of the Vichy Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs called for the dissolution of Jewish organizations and transferred them to the Vichy-controlled Union générale des israélites de France.

André Baur asked Rabbi Lévy to help find safe homes and placement for Jewish intellectuals.

After the war

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At the initiative of the Central Consistory, Lévy held services for Jewish Allied forces, as many members of the community had not yet returned.

The rabbi's house served as a meeting place for WIZO and an office for the Federation of Jewish Organizations of France.[26] Additionally, professor Georges Vajda at the Séminaire israélite de France was living in the first floor of his apartment.,,[27][28][29]

At the beginning of May 1945, Chief Rabbi of Paris Julien Weill suggested that the consistory absorb the ULI, arguing that the measure would have no difficulty with the merger as long as the language of worship remained French.[30]

Lévy reached out to the WUPJ and Lily Montagu, to share the difficulties and his discouragement:

[27] As far as I am concerned, I hold a service on Friday nights by myself, with no Chazzan and without music. Unfortunately, I do not have a Committee. As I wrote to you previously, President André Baur was killed in captivity, many of our members - and the most influential ones - have died. Our former treasurer is in the army. He gave all his papers to the deceased president, so I have not received a salary or pension since June 1940... I receive many visits, often young men returning from deportation, or who are passing through Paris, but are still mobilized. I visit congregants who I can reach. I also see quite a few people who need help.,[31][27]

Lévy died at his home on December 15, 1946.[32] He was buried in Montparnasse Cemetery.

André Zaoui succeeded him as the Rabbi for the Union libérale israélite de France.[5]

References

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  1. ^ "Acte de naissance source / côté de l'acte AB75-Paris-10e-Naissance 1870-Acte 723". Archives de Paris. 9 January 1870.
  2. ^ Anonyme (23 June 1919). "Acte de mariage". Premier arrondissement de Paris source /Côte de l'acte:AD 75-Paris-1er-mariage-1919-acte 442.
  3. ^ a b c Collectif. Copernic Union Libéral Israélite de France. Paris: Porte plume. p. 207.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Poujol, Catherine (2007). "Les débuts de l'Union libérale israélite (1895-1939). Le pari de moderniser le judaïsme français". Archives Juives: 65–81. Cite error: The named reference ":1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Ariane Bendavid; Dominique Bourel; Béatrice Philippe; Perrine Simon-Nahum; Catherine Poujol; Stephen Berkowitz; Laura Hobson Faure; Pauline Bebe; Michael Williams (2007). Modernité d'une tradition 1907-2007 Cent ans d'histoire. Paris: Union libérale israélite de France. p. 152.
  6. ^ "Visionneuse - Archives de Paris". archives.paris.fr. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  7. ^ "Force faiblesse judaisme liberal france". s154905991.onlinehome.fr. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  8. ^ Louis Germain Lévy (28 August – 6 September 1900). "L'Union libérale israélite. Lettre ouverte au directeur d'Archives israélites". Archives israélites: 254–258 et 289 291.
  9. ^ "Installation de M. Louis-Germain Lévy, Rabbin de Dijon : 22 Juillet 1901-6 Ab 5661 | Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company". search.alexanderstreet.com. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
  10. ^ Catherine Poujol (3 January 1907). "L'Union libérale persiste". Archives israélites: 13.
  11. ^ Anonyme (17 March 1902). "Lettre au Consistoire israélite de Paris au Consistoire centrale". Archives du Consistoire 5 G1.
  12. ^ Aimé Pallière (31 January 1908). "Journal de Genève". Union israélite: 604.
  13. ^ G Rivals (15 October 1913). "Notes sur le judaïsme libéral de 1750 à 1913". Le Rayon: 22–25.
  14. ^ Louis Germain Lévy (15 December 1912). "Sur le judaisme liberal". Le Rayon: 5–11.
  15. ^ "Un livre à découvrir". Les infos de la Bibliothèque de l'Aliance: 2. 24 March 2020.
  16. ^ Louis Germain Lévy (15 February 1913). "Sur le judaisme libéral". Le Rayon: 8.
  17. ^ "Ce que nous sommes". Ce Que Nous Sommes. December 1917.
  18. ^ "Union israélite". Union israélite: 280–281. 4 July 1924.
  19. ^ a b Catherine Poujol (2003). ""Un cas singulier dans la presse des mouvements de jeunesse: Chalom (1925-1935), véritable mensuel d'information"". Archives Juives: 25–39.
  20. ^ Zadoc Kahn (17 June 1898). "Union israélite". Union israélite: 396–398.
  21. ^ Marcel Greilsammer (15 June 1926). "Pallière à l'Union libérale israélite". Revue de la pensée juive et le Rayon: 18 et 7.
  22. ^ Louis Germain Lévy (3 March 1926). "Lettre". American Jewish Archive.
  23. ^ Louis Germain Lévy (12 January 1927). "Lettre". American Jewish Archive.
  24. ^ André Neher (1979). Ils ont refait leur âme. « Le monde ouvert ». Paris: Stock. p. 307. ISBN 2-234-01192-2.
  25. ^ Elisa Klapheck (2004). Fräulein Rabbiner Jonas: The Story of the First Woman Rabbi. San Francisco: An Arthur Kurzweil book. ISBN 0-7879-6987-7, lire en ligne Fräulein Rabbiner Jonas: The Story of the First Woman Rabbi
  26. ^ Anonyme (June 2006). "Union libérale israélite de France Le centenaire de l ULIF". Le Messager.
  27. ^ a b c Laura Hobson Faure (2007). "Renaître sous les auspices américains et britanniques". Archives Juives: 82–99.
  28. ^ Marcel Greilsammer (1940). "Marcel Greilsammer". Œuvre: 24.
  29. ^ Jean Laloum (2009). "Du culte libéral au travail social: la rue Copernic au temps des Années Noires". Archives Juives: 118 132.
  30. ^ Claude Nataf (2001). "Le judaisme religieux au lendemain de la libération :rénovation ou retour au passé ?". Les Cahiers de la Shoah.
  31. ^ Louis Germain Lévy (24 July 1945). "Lettre". American Jewish Archive.
  32. ^ anonyme (17 December 1946). "Acte de décès". Paris - XVIe côte acte 2296.

Bibliography

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