The Lordship or Principality of Valencia was the state established by Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar in the city of Valencia and its surroundings and which existed between the years 1094 and 1102.
Lordship of Valencia | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Lordship of Valencia (1094-1102) founded by El Cid in 1099 (the year of his death). | |||||||||
| Capital | Valencia | ||||||||
| Official languages | Latin, Medieval Spanish, Arabic and Mozarabic | ||||||||
| Religion | Catholicism and Islam | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Valencian | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
• 1094–1099 | Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar | ||||||||
• 1099–1102 | Jimena Díaz | ||||||||
| Establishment | |||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
| 1094 | |||||||||
• Jimena Díaz and her court leave Valencia | 1102 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Spain | ||||||||
History
editConquest
edit
Towards the beginning of November 1092, the Campeador besieged the fortress, currently in the municipality of El Puig, fourteen kilometres from the Levantine capital, surrendering it in mid-1093. Using it as a centre of operations, that summer he began to besiege the city. In September 1093, he changed camp and settled in La Roqueta. Valencia, in a situation of extreme danger, requested an Almoravid relief army, which was sent under the command of al-Latmuní and advanced from the south of the capital of the Turia to Almussafes, twenty-three kilometres from Valencia, and then retreated again. The tight siege would last for almost a whole year, after which Valencia was forced to surrender on 17 June 1094.[1] El Cid took possession of the city, calling himself "Prince Rodrigo el Campeador"[2] and settling in the city.[3]
Consolidation and expansion
editThe Almoravid pressure did not relent and in mid-September of that same year an army under the command of Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad, nephew of Emir Yusuf, reached Quart de Poblet, five kilometers from the capital, and besieged it, but was defeated.[4] after the Battle of Cuarte, which took place on October 21, 1094 between the towns of Mislata and Quart de Poblet, near the city.
In order to secure the northern routes of the new lordship, Rodrigo managed to ally himself with the new king of Aragon, Peter I, who had been enthroned shortly before the fall of Valencia during the siege of Huesca, and took the Castle of Serra and the Castle of Real, at that time called Alucad in 1095.
In 1097 a new Almoravid incursion led again by Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad attempted to recover Valencia, but near Gandía he was defeated again by El Cid with the collaboration of the army of Peter I of Aragon in the battle of Bairén. At the end of that same year he took Almenara, thus closing the routes to the north of Valencia and in 1098 he finally conquered the imposing fortified city of Sagunto, thus consolidating his dominion over what had previously been the Taifa of Valencia. Also in 1098 he consecrated the new Cathedral of Santa María, reforming the one that had been main mosque. He had placed a Frenchman, Jerome of Perigord, at the head of the new episcopal see to the detriment of the old Mozarabic metropolitan or sayyid almaṭran. In the diploma of endowment of the cathedral of the end of 1098 Rodrigo presents himself as «princeps Rodericus Campidoctor», considering himself an autonomous sovereign despite not having royal ancestry, and the Battle of Cuarte is referred to as a victory achieved quickly and without casualties over an enormous number of Muslims..[5] As Georges Martin points out:[6]
...after the capture of Valencia, all of Rodrigo's efforts were directed towards consolidating his manorial independence, towards the constitution of a sovereign principality detached from the secular guardianship of the King of Castile as well as from the ecclesiastical guardianship of the Archbishop of Toledo.
— Georges Martin, «El primer testimonio cristiano sobre la toma de Valencia (1098)», e-Spania, n.º 10, December 2010. § 8.
Already established in Valencia, he also allied himself with Ramon Berenguer III with the aim of stopping the Almoravid advance. Military alliances were reinforced with marriages. The year of his death (1099) he had married his daughters to high dignitaries: Cristina with the infant Ramiro Sánchez of Pamplona[7] y María con el conde de Barcelona Ramón Berenguer III.[8][9]
Dissolution
editAfter his death on June 10, 1099,[10] his wife Jimena, who became Lady of Valencia, managed to defend the city with the help of her son-in-law Ramon Berenguer III, until May 1102, when Alfonso VI of Leon, considering the difficulties of defending Valencia, on May 4, 1102[11] ordered the evacuation of the city of Christians, subsequently setting it on fire.[12] The next day, May 5, 1102, Valencia fell into the hands of the Almoravids.[13]
References
edit- ^ Alberto Montaner Frutos, «La fecha exacta de la rendición de Valencia», en Montaner Frutos y Boix Jovaní (2005:285-287).
- ^ Alberto Montaner Frutos, «El Cid. La historia.», en www.caminodelcid.org, página web del Consorcio Camino del Cid, Burgos, 2002.
- ^ Coscollá Sanz, Vicente (2003). La Valencia musulmana. Valencia: Carena Editors. pp. 11–21. ISBN 84-87398-75-8.
- ^ Véase Alberto Montaner Frutos «La Batalla de Cuarte (1094). Una victoria del Cid sobre los almorávides en la historia y en la poesía», en Alberto Montaner Frutos y Alfonso Boix Jovaní, Guerra en Šarq Alʼandalus: Las batallas cidianas de Morella (1084) y Cuarte (1094), Zaragoza, Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo, 2005, págs. 97-340. ISBN 978-84-95736-04-8
- ^ Alberto Montaner Frutos, «La Batalla de Cuarte (1094). Una victoria del Cid sobre los almorávides en la historia y en la poesía», en Alberto Montaner Frutos y Alfonso Boix Jovaní, Guerra en Šarq Alʼandalus: Las batallas cidianas de Morella (1084) y Cuarte (1094), Zaragoza, Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo, 2005, págs. 235-238. ISBN 978-84-95736-04-8
- ^ Martin (2010:§8)
- ^ Ian Michael, «Introducción» a su ed. de Poema de Mío Cid, Madrid, Castalia, 1976, pág. 39. ISBN 978-84-7039-171-2.
- ^ Ian Michael, [dead link], conferencia pronunciada en la Biblioteca Nacional de España, el 17 de mayo de 2007. [Consulta: 29-11-2009]. Disponible en formato.doc.
- ^ Francisco López Estrada Panorama crítico sobre el «Poema del Cid». Literatura y sociedad, Madrid, Castalia, 1982, pág. 134. ISBN 978-84-7039-400-3.
- ^ Perea Rodríguez, Óscar. "Díaz de Vivar, Rodrigo o El Cid (1043-1099)". Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ^ "Ibercronox: Señorío de Valencia". Archived from the original on 26 October 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
- ^ Coscollá, Vicente (2003). La Valencia musulmana (in castellano). Valencia: Carena Editors. p. 44. ISBN 84-87398-75-8. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
Jimena tomó el cuerpo de su marido, el ejército incendió la catedral, el alcázar, palacios, mezquitas, incluso aquellas que habían sido consagradas como iglesias, casas particulares, todo ello después de desvalijar y tomar cuanto pudieron.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Gaspar Remiro, Mariano: Historia de la Murcia Musulmana